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A Master of Business Administration is a higher education program that trains students for careers in the business world. By earning an MBA, graduates are able to show potential employers that they have the knowledge and expertise required to be an asset to the workplace. Individuals who have already earned a bachelor’s degree and wish to further increase their knowledge and training can choose to earn a Master of Business Administration, or MBA. An MBA is a two-year program that may help prepare graduates for a career in leadership and management in the business world. If you need the best study environment in Asia, enroll to the tertiary education in Malaysia. This is a country with rich culture and vast activities to leave you entertained and relaxed as you study in the country Online MBA in Malaysia. 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DBA Programs •Master of Business Administration. Open University Malaysia. Scientific research skills among working adults in research institutions and. Of the Master of Business Administration. Beskrivelse From Segway by Ninebot comes the MiniLITE hoverboard. It is Ninebot/Segway's version for the smaller riders from age 6 and up. It features quite a few similar functionalities as the MiniPRO but in more stripped down version. From Segway by Ninebot comes the MiniLITE hoverboard. It is Ninebot/Segway's version for the smaller riders from age 6 and up. It features quite a few similar functionalities as the MiniPRO but in more stripped down version. The MiniLITE makes hoverboard riding fun and accessible for kids. Elektriske rullestoler. Sykler & Vogner. Stoler & Bilseter. 3-18 sykler 3-hjul. Standard: Fast nav, pedalbrems eller frinav. The MiniLITE makes hoverboard riding fun and accessible for kids. Thanks to capabilities such as 200 micro adjustments per second, easy rider detection and the combination option with the app make this Ninebot a pure joy for smaller riders. These functions will have them on their way fast and inspire confidence to learn maneuvers more swiftly and safely. It's primarily controlled by the knee control bar, which gently curves to the shape of the inner thigh. By simply leaning in the direction you want to go, the MiniLITE reacts and takes you there. This segboard is made for riders with a weight between 10 - 80kg. With the App-connectivity you get a combined range of options that are both fun and informative. From the statistics of usage to the riders-nearby function, the app will help you evolve both your riding and help you extend your range through more clever use. The app is available for both Android and IOS and will let you control many different features such as LED light color, check battery status and even a remote feature. With the app, you also activate the vehicle's alarm and will alert you if someone tries to steal your precious ride. The materials are all chosen for their lightweight properties and also for their structural strength and durability. Materials include magnesium, titanium, carbon, and aluminum. Specifications: • Motor: 2 x 350 watt nominal • Compatible with both Android and IOS smartphones • Max. Speed: 16km/h (10mph) • Approximate range: 18km (11.2 miles) • Max climbing angle: 15° • Max user weight: 80kg (176lbs) • Approximate charging time: 3 hours • Weight: 12.5kg (28lbs) • Measurements: L:263mm x W:590mm x H:590mm Notice: The rules for taking electric recreational vehicles onto public roads vary from country to country. We urge you to check with your local police or public authority for specific rules in your country. Since the miniLITE is an electric vehicle we advise users to use it only in dry conditions and not on sandy or overly dusty surfaces. For our UK customers, we regret to inform that the Ninebot miniLITE does not come with a UK plug for the charger. Therefore, an adapter plug is required. Marriage Matching in Telugu app gives detailed information about Raasi, Navamsa, Bhava, Spuda, Prashna, Dasa, Panchang or Hindu calendar, nakshathra, astrology Compatibility based on Star Match, Yogas, and Muhurat etc. This Marriage Matching in Telugu app is used by famous astrologers to get an in-depth analysis of the horoscope and matching of various horoscopes. This Marriage Matching in Telugu app comes in a regional based astrological calculations, and you and your dear ones can use this. This Horoscope Matching App is very user-friendly and designed even to the understanding of laymen. The Horoscope Matching App in Telugu app gives you the full information about your compatibility rates. You can check your matching horoscopes and do a comparative study.It gives you the facility to take your favorite chart style from the four existing styles. This Marriage Matching in Telugu app brings even the minutest information through detailed calculation and it is based on Lahiri, Krishnamurti Paddhati Ayanamsa or KP Ayanamsa, Chitrapaksha / Lahiri, Raman, Sayan and Thirukanitham Ayanamsa. Marriage Matching in Telugu app gives detailed information about Raasi, Navamsa, Bhava, Spuda, Prashna, Dasa, Panchang or Hindu calendar, nakshathra, astrology Compatibility based on Star Match, Yogas, and Muhurat etc. This Marriage Matching in Telugu app is used by famous astrologers to get an in-depth. Download Horoscope Matching App in your own language, Telugu, and get all the information's for your birth chart. Features: ★ Detailed Horoscope Matching & individual Horoscope Analysis. ★ Details about nakshathra which is very important in horoscope matching. ★ Guna Melana based on ashtakoot in your regional version. ★ Panchang or Hindu calendar. ★ Astrology charts & calculations such as Raasi, Navamsa, Bhava & Dasa. ★ Inputs on Spuda, Planetary Strength, Astrological Day & Moment and Papa Points. ★ Analyses Bhava Bala, Shadbhala, Ashtaka Varga, ShodasaVarga & Yogas. ★ Calculations based on your preferred chart style (set your default location). ★ Track down auspicious time for special occasions in your life through Muhurat feature. ★ Various Ayanamsa systems such as the Krishnamurti Paddhati Ayanamsa or KP Ayanamsa, ★ Chitrapaksha / Lahiri, Raman, Sayan and Thirukanitham Ayanamsa. ★ Shows planetary dignity and more. FAQ: ★ Horoscope matching in Telugu requires an internet connection ★ First 15 days - All features of the app are available. (Online mode - No time limit) ★ After 15 days - All features of the app are available. (Online mode - limited to 7 mins per day) ★ App usage in offline mode gives access only to Raasi and Navamsa and limited to a total of 225 mins (7 mins per day). ★ Offline mode will not be available if the app is re-installed. ★ Starting from the date of installation, if the app is uninstalled within 15 days, user can avail the remaining ★ days only by re-installing the app before the 15 day period ends (30 days in the case of subscribed users). Privacy & Permissions: Protecting the privacy of users is our highest priority. In order to provide excellent user experience, accurate calculations, predictions and relevant information, App require some permissions like access to your location, phone state, secondary storage etc. If you want to know how we use your data, read our Privacy Policy (End User License Agreement (EULA): By downloading, installing and using the Horoscope in Telugu - Astrology app, you understand and agree to our End User License Agreement (About Astro-Vision: Astro-Vision is a name easily recognized and held in great esteem in the world of astrology services. Our products range from software that run on the latest operating systems to web based solutions for major portals and the latest range of mobile phones. These products are used by thousands of astrologers, students of astrology, business centers and home users, all over the world. Pinterest.de Mega cisterna magna - Prominent cisterna magna appearing as a. 630 × 630 - 29k - jpg emedicine.medscape.com Imaging in Dandy-Walker Malformation: Overview, Radiography. 380 × 342 - 22k - jpg radiopaedia.org Mega cisterna magna| Radiology Reference Article| Radiopaedia.org 442 × 405 - 21k - jpg mypacs.net CONGENITAL CMV INFECTION 256 × 256 - 7k - jpg pinterest.com 236 × 226 - 13k - jpg radiopaedia.org Cavum septum pellucidum| Radiology Reference Article. 630 × 630 - 21k - jpg radiopaedia.org Empty sella| Radiology Reference Article| Radiopaedia.org 589 × 630 - 34k - jpg cambridge.org Associated conditions 350 × 175 - 29k - jpg radiopaedia.org Azygos anterior cerebral artery| Radiology Reference Article. 1024 × 1021 - 97k - jpg bunceton28.rssing.com Magna+000.png 358 × 400 - 93k - png es.scribd.com Thieme Classics) Hans-Joachim Kretschmann, Wolfgang Weinrich. 149 × 198 - 15k vlmedicina.lt Mega cisterna magna: kas tai yra ir ar tai lemia stuburo 250 × 245 - 20k - jpg docplayer.org Glossar Englisch-Deutsch - PDF 1024 × 1637 - 106k - jpg docplayer.org Glossar Englisch-Deutsch - PDF 1024 × 1637 - 53k - jpg es.scribd.com Thieme Classics) Hans-Joachim Kretschmann, Wolfgang Weinrich. 768 × 1024 - 152k es.scribd.com Thieme Classics) Hans-Joachim Kretschmann, Wolfgang Weinrich. 768 × 1024 - 125k radiopaedia.org Facial nerve| Radiology Reference Article| Radiopaedia.org 1024 × 1024 - 91k - jpg docplayer.org Glossar Englisch-Deutsch - PDF 1024 × 1637 - 57k - jpg scribd.com 3. Bibliography| Cerebellum| Organ (Anatomy) 149 × 198 - 14k es.scribd.com Thieme Classics) Hans-Joachim Kretschmann, Wolfgang Weinrich. 149 × 198 - 12k. Mega cisterna magna is a part of 'Dandy-Walker Complex' and it is characterized by the enlargement of the cisterna magna, morphologically intact vermis and cerebellar hemispheres. We report a case of manic attack in a 23-year-old man with mega cisterna magna. The patient was treated with quetiapine 1,000 mg/day and sodium valproate 1,500 mg/day and the symptoms were ameliorated within 2.5 months. In this case, mega cisterna magna and manic symptoms may be found together coincidentally or any cerebellar dysfunction due to mega cisterna magna may cause or contribute to the appearance of affective symptoms. To our knowledge, this is the first case reporting manic attack with psychotic symptoms associated with mega cisterna magna. This report suggests that any lesion in the cerebellum might contribute to the occurrences of some affective and psychotic symptoms seen in bipolar disorder. INTRODUCTION The cerebellum plays an important role in coordination and motor functions. Besides its involvement in motor and vestibulo-ocular regulation, it is considered to be involved in modulation of mood. Cerebellar structures, especially the vermis, are considered to be associated with the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Cystic or cystlike malformations of the posterior fossa include the Dandy-Walker malformation, vermian-cerebellar hypoplasia, mega cisterna magna and arachnoid cyst. Mega cisterna magna is a developmental variation of the posterior fossa characterized by the enlargement of the cisterna magna, morphologically intact vermis and cerebellar hemispheres. Bipolar disorder is a chronic and life-long condition which is characterized by shifts in energy level, mood state, behaviours and psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 12: 722–726 Berquist H 1932 Zur Morphologie des Zwischenhirns bei neideren Wirbeltieren. Immunobiology 161: 227–231 Edwards J C W, Willoughby D A 1982 Demonstration of bone marrow derived cells in cynovial lining by means of giant intracellular granules as genetic markers. The cerebellum is suggested to interfere in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. It has connections via thalamus to several brain regions such as dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, medial frontal cortex, anterior cingulate and the posterior hypothalamus which are all associated with behaviour and cognition. The cerebellum could also be involved in emotions and affective disorders throughout its connections to limbic system. In a clinical study 'The cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome' was described to be characterized by executive dysfunctions, behavioral disinhibition and emotion dysregulation in patients with posterior and vermal lesions. Moreover, there are cases reporting psychotic episodes associated with Dandy-Walker variant or mega-cisterna magna in the literature., We report a case of manic attack in a 23-year-old man with mega cisterna magna. To our knowledge, this is the first case to report manic attack with psychotic symptoms associated with mega cisterna magna. CASE A 23-year-old man with a 2-week history of manic symptoms presented with inappropriate and euphoric affect, flight of ideas, inflated self-esteem, increased immersion in projects, excessive shopping, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, excessive talking, irritability, aggressive behaviours and psychotic symptoms such as auditory hallucinations, delusions of grandiosity and reference. He expressed odd beliefs that he could read people's mind. A few days before admission to hospital he pretended to be God and Prophet. He experienced the first episode and partially displayed insight into his condition. Premorbid educational and social adjustment were reported normal. There was no history of alcohol or substance misuse. A family history of depression in his father was reported. Neurological examination and electroencephalography were normal. Cranial Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan disclosed 'mega cisterna magna' (). The full scale IQ was 86. Both performance and verbal IQ were 86. The Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) was performed before and after the treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging midsagital and transverse scans: mega-cisterna magna. Olanzapine treatment was started at a dosage of 20 mg/day on the first day of the admission to hospital and increased to 30 mg/day on the 13th day. But no significant improvement was observed. For this reason, olanzapine treatment was gradually decreased and stopped. Then, haloperidol 20 mg/day and biperiden 6 mg/day were started. After haloperidol dose was gradually increased to 40 mg/day, extrapyramidal symptoms such as dystonia occurred. However, a significant remission in hallucinations was observed. Because of extrapyramidal symptoms, haloperidol was stopped and quetiapine treatment was started and gradually increased to 1,000 mg/day. Moreover, a mood stabilizer sodium valproate was added at a dosage of 500 mg/day to the treatment and its dosage was increased to 1,500 mg/day due to blood levels (Valproic acid blood level: 92.9 µg/mL). A significant improvement in YMRS score was observed after the treatment. This score decreased by 100% (from 51 to 0) within 2.5 months. On the follow-up period his affect changed into euthymic state, and hallucinations and delusions disappeared. He was discharged with full remission 2.5 months after the admission and he is still in remission of manic symptoms with the treatment of valproic acid and quetiapine. DISCUSSION In this case report, mega cisterna magna and symptoms of manic attack may be found coincidentally together or any cerebellar dysfunction due to mega cisterna magna may cause or contribute to the appearance of affective symptoms. Unlike schizophrenia, there are few studies stressing the role of cerebellum in bipolar disorder. A model was suggested to explain 'misconnections' between cortical regions and the cerebellum mediated through the thalamus in schizophrenia (the cortico-cerebellar-thalamic-cortical circuit). Psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations may occur in case of an abnormality in this circuit. It is also considered that cerebellar feedback pathways through the thalamus to the cerebral cortex may play a role in peduncular hallucinations. In addition, brain imaging studies have found negative correlations between cerebellar grey matter volume reduction and hallucinations in schizophrenic patients. Similarly, it is reported that there is a dysregulation of cortico-sub-cortical and cerebellar regions in bipolar patients, which may contribute to the occurrence of symptoms. Moreover, in a study it was found that there was a significant correlation between delusions and activation of cerebellum. In this case, mega cisterna magna might contribute to the activation of cerebellum. In the light of these findings, in our case we can suggest that at least in some cases of bipolar disorder, cerebellar dysfunction may interfere in the occurrence of affective and psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions. In addition, the reason of alleviation of symptoms only with high doses of antipsychotics may be due to the involvement of cerebellum in this case. Cerebellar vermal neurons may play a role in the modulation of mood. Also, vermal lesions are associated with behavioural and affective changes. However, in this case MRI scan did not demonstrate any lesion in vermis. In conclusion, this report suggests that any dysfunction in cerebellum might contribute to the occurrence of some affective and psychotic symptoms seen in bipolar disorder. Wah waaaaaaaah. The sad trombone is here to announce that the official has revealed that the Steam re-release of the RTS classic won't have LAN play. The single player will be playable in Steam's offline mode, but you'll have to have an internet connection to play multiplayer. It's not all gloomy tidings, though. Read on for a break-down of what we know about the game so far. The Bad News • As mentioned, no LAN-based multiplayer. • • You can't redeem your old AoE2 CD key for a copy of the HD edition. To be fair, we weren't really expecting that. • • There are currently no plans for Mac or Linux support. On the other hand. When Splatoon 2 launched, the Stingray was a special that sounded neat on paper. A giant blast of paint, firing across the map, dousing all in sight. In practice, not. Hi, I bought the aoe2 hd when it launched cause i wanted to play matchmaking against ppl with my lvl and progress learning, but at the time the game was so broken that I couldn't play. With that said today I tried to play it again but there is not matchmaking, my question is: If i buy the expansions will I be. My wife and I often mix up the names of our children and our grandchildren, calling our grandson by his father's name and so on. Sometimes we even switch the names of. MSN Games (also known as Zone.com - formerly known as The Village, Internet Gaming Zone, MSN Gaming Zone, and MSN Games by Zone.com) is. The Good News • The new multiplayer features Quick Match matchmaking, with an ELO-like system to pit you against players of similar skill. There won't be any 'leagues'—ELO is purely a behind-the-scenes value. • • No Games for Windows Live! • • Other multiplayer modes, including private/custom games for up to 8 players, and a game lobby browser, will be available for online multiplayer. • • Steam Workshop support is fully integrated. • • No Games for Windows Live! Did we say that one already? • • The mechanics are unchanged from the 1.0c version of the original game. AoE2 HD is set for an April 9 release. You can read more about it in. Daughters know best! Forget the adage 'mother knows best,' because one daughter didn't let that hold her back from making her mother's dating profile. Seven-year-old Rylee completed her mom's OkCupid profile in a Glamour video in the hopes of gaining another member into their family by answering the hard-hitting questions such as, 'What are you really good at?' And, 'How frequently do you drink?' And like a champ, 35-year-old New Yorker Erica left all creative control to her daughter Rylee, allowing her to answer each of the questions with her own opinions - which prompted more than a few laughs from the crew. Scroll down for video. Here goes nothing: Erica, 35, let her daughter, seven-year-old Rylee make her dating profile In the beginning of the video, Erica said that she hasn't had a relationship since Rylee was born seven years ago so hopefully the brave mother gets lucky finding a match because after this, she deserves it. Really want to date this girl, there are a few things you can do to facilitate the situation to ensure mom and dad, as well as your new love, are all on the same page. One of those things is to talk to Mom and ask if it's acceptable to her that you date her daughter. It's an old-fashioned courtesy that Mom is going to appreciate. Free Porn & Sex Video - Mature Mom Seducing Her Daughter Boyfriend - 120006 - Watch Free Porn Videos on NuVid.com! Sex Video Niches: Milf, Mature. The Best Categories. Free Porn & Sex Video - Mature Mom Seducing Her Daughter Boyfriend - 120006 - Watch Free Porn Videos on NuVid.com! A Delaware woman was arrested and charged with raping her daughter’s 13-year-old boyfriend. Goodman is charged with fourth degree rape of a minor, three. Sep 15, 2014. Origins: On 8 September 2014, the website Stuppid.com posted an article about a woman named Vertasha Carter, her mother Mary, and their supposed unusual lesbian relationship. Predictably, the article about Vertasha and Mary quickly went viral, as incest remains a large societal taboo, with few people. One question asked, 'What best describes your political beliefs right now?' And in true tweet fashion, the little girl didn't hold back saying: 'Mommy doesn't care about the president right now.' And believe it or not, the questions got more in depth with one asking, 'How frequently do you drink alcohol?' Thanks to Rylee, the world, and any eager male suitors, now know her mother's drink of choice is vodka - although the little girl still doesn't know how to pronounce it. Rylee continued to answer the questions that ranged from 'is astrological sign at all important in a match' to 'would you date someone in considerable debt' and 'could you date someone who was really messy'. Erica's drink of choice: The seven-year-old said that her mom likes to drink vodka And because Rylee knows her mom already has enough on her plate with one messy person - Rylee, she made sure that the 'no' box was checked for that one. She also made sure all potential suitors knew that Erica wasn't a good dancer and just to make sure that tidbit didn't get lost in translation Rylee so kindly demonstrated her mom's dance moves. Most mother's would not be brave enough to let their seven-year-old daughter have a go at their dating profile and they sure wouldn't be brave enough to let her direct her during a photoshoot for pictures to upload onto the dating app. But in the name of love, Erica continued to give Rylee free reign and acted as her model for a portion of the video. Because Rylee is also a expert photographer along with skilled dating app profile builder, she told her mom the three simple poses she needed to get the perfect photo: the smiling face, silly face and the serious face. And of course, the cat eyes which her mother was a little self-conscious about because let's be honest - know one can pull off a cat eye quite like Rylee. As part of the last phase of the video, Rylee helped her mom select the best pictures from the photoshoot with the final line-up including one cat eye, one smiling, a serious and a silly photo. After the dating profile was complete, Erica decided to give it a little bit of a review to make sure that nothing was missing or rather added such as Shake Shack which was listed under the 'what are the most important things to you' question. The most important things include ice-cream: Rylee posing with a cup of frozen yogurt last month And while the restaurant chain Shake Shack is very important, it left Erica with raised eyebrows as to if that was the most important thing to her or her daughter. But that wasn't the only thing that left Erica with raised eyebrows. Rylee answered that her mom was unemployed, which is fair given that the young girl admitted she didn't actually know what employed meant, and that her mom wouldn't mind if she dated someone with considerable debt. But of course, Erica corrected the error and said she would because it meant that 'you're not very responsible'. Overall, Rylee didn't complete her mother's profile 100 per cent to her liking but she certainly gets points for trying and hopefully, Erica finds herself a significant other as a result of her daughter's very enthusiastic efforts. Rajaf leading Business and Shopping Web Directory, human edited listing shopping products and business services to assure the quality for it's users needs. 012 dating, megaliths, dating 17 year around kathmandu. Go for dating, love, nepal. Another history in kathmandu valley is an exotic place. Visit and relaxation. Nov 22, 2017. Nepal Gatewaty Trekking: Best place to visit for refresh your mind and relax in your body.It is really peaceful and romantic place to be. Yogendra Rajkarnikar: When this garden was built that time the concept is more romantic to spend beautiful time in all season with some one you love. Alias Farusace dhaka Alliance Francaise de Dhaka, Dhanmondi: 26 Mirpur Road (corner road n.3), Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, GPO Box 405, Telephone: +249, 8611557, Fax: +462 Open: Monday to Thursday: from 2:30pm to 9:00pm, Friday and Saturday: From 9:00am to 12:00pm and from 5:00pm to 8:00pm, Closed on Sunday. Alliance Francaise de Dhaka, Gulshan: House 8, Road 7, Gulshan 1, Dhaka 1212, Mobile: +9292 Open: Mondays to Thursdays: from 2:30pm to 9:00pm, Fridays and Saturdays: From 9:00am to 12:00pm and from 5:00pm to 8:00pm, Closed on Sundays. Alliance Francaise de Dhaka, Uttara: Plot 15, Isha Khan Avenue, Sector 6, Uttara, Dhaka 1230, Telephone: +429, Mobile: +88 01678 031 400 Open: Mondays to Thursdays: from 2:30pm to 9:00pm, Fridays and Saturdays from 9:00am to 12:00pm and from 5:00pm to 8:00pm, Closed on Sundays. Kutumbari Restaurant House# 2/12, Block# F, Lalmatia, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Open from 10 am to 10 pm, From Monday to Sunday. Goethe-Institut in Dhaka House No. 9 (new), Dhanmondi R/A, Dhaka-1205. Tel: +880 2 9126525, Fax: +880 2 8110712 Smoke Music Cafe Dhaka Hakam Foundation, 6th floor, House:98, Road: 11, Block:C, Banani, 1213 Dhaka, Bangladesh, Phone 333, 444 Food Styles: • American (New) • Italian • Mexican Specialties: • Lunch • Dinner • Coffee • Drinks • Services • Takes bookings • Good for groups or parties • Takeaway • Table service • Outdoor seating The Bench Restaurant Dhaka. Doesn’t it feel delightful to know that someone is always there supporting you no matter what? Well, that’s what love is all about- Emotion, Togetherness, Care, Support, Understanding, Respect, devotion, Dates When it comes to dates, that’s the fortitude of any relationship. You see couples holding hands and fostering in love, but when it comes to dates, have you ever wondered which might be the best place to take your love to? Well, this is one of the greatest headache any couples face. Everyone wants to spend time with their love, but you are not sure where to take them. Talking about places, here we present you top dating places in Kathmandu, we hope it turns out to be helpful. List of Dating Spots in Kathmandu • Chobar (Manjushree Park): Everyone is well tuned in about this place as it is the most admired dating spots in Kathmandu, also named as ‘lover’s park’. A beautiful landscape and a place of beauty is what chobar is all about. It’s feasible for every couple as it is near to the city area. Once you reach there you can see the whole Kathmandu valley from the top. Even if you seek privacy there are many restaurants and cottages where you can spend quality time with your loves ones. To know more about Chovar( Manjushree Park): • Taudaha Taudaha is the place where you can actually spend your entire day without getting bored with your date. It’s a beautiful lake surrounded by greenery. If you are fond of fish feeding, then it’s really fun to see those fish fight for the food you give. There are places to eat like restaurant or cottages, which gives you a perfect view of the pond. It is immensely refreshing. To know more about Taudaha: • Garden Of Dreams: Many people know about this place as it is in the busy streets of Kathmandu and really famous among couples. It is a beautiful garden with variety of flora, well maintained with the perfect surroundings and a high wall that keeps you away from the hustle and bustle of the city which makes it best among dating spots in Kathmandu. You can even see small squirrels running around. There is a pond in the middle of the garden. They provide you with mats to lie on the fresh grass and look at the clear blue sky. What can be more romantic than taking about any of your plans that way. To know more about Garden Of Dreams: • Nagarkot: Any couple interested in a road ride can choose this destination for spending a good time with your partner. It is situated at the top of a hill which gives you a perfect view of mountain ranges and a beautiful city below. This place is recommended for any nature lover and any couple who opt for quiet, tranquil environment. • Sundarijal: If your partner is fond of photography or gets excited about clicking photos, then this is a perfect place to be. There are many mesmerizing views of waterfalls where you can get a perfect snap as a memory. You can have a break from the city life without going far from the valley. It is one of the best getaway places in Nepal and you can have a romantic date with your partner. • Godawari: The Botanical garden is the name that godawari is famous for. A beautiful park filled with natural beauty, beautiful flowers and clear glistening water streams makes godawari a perfect dating spot. 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One of the biggest struggles a woman in Tanzania faces is living with the cultural attitudes towards women. As a strong, independent, educated. My daily life. I have learned to bite my tongue, to accept when my opinion is ignored, and to date in a completely different way. Being a Woman in Tanzania. The information below is intended for Danish citizens wishing to get married in Tanzania. Oct 30, 2009. Danish 'popular sport' entered into cooperation with the cultural centre in Bujora near Mwanza, the second-largest town in Tanzania; 53 local ngoma groups and 20 choral-singing. This refers to long lines of continuity, usually dating back to pre-historical times, i.e. Before written historical documentation. Homicide Rates and the Anticipation of Culture Conflict Source: 1986 data from The Economist Book of World Vital Statistics (Random House, 1991), p. Which Interpol assembled statistics, murder rates more than doubled in the Netherlands, Peru, Burma, Italy, Sweden, Denmark, Switzerland, Norway, Germany,. On other hand, people are very open to discuss government policies and taxes and publicly known scandals or public money embezzlement as long as they already reported in media. Making jokes is quite common. Most people are not offended by jokes as long as they do not refer to their immediate family, especially their mother, sister or wife. Canadian Perspective: When first meeting, Tanzanians will shake hands and ask how you are. This can cover topics such as your family, your children, your home, your work, the last few days. Sometimes even when you meet someone for the first time, they will ask 'Habari ya siku nyingi'. This can be confusing at first, as it means 'how have you been all this time?' This greeting can last between 3 to 15 minutes under normal circumstances. It is not normally acceptable to discuss money issues with Tanzanians. It is also not appropriate for a man to discuss a pregnancy with a pregnant woman, women may discuss it if they are good friends. Tanzanians do not normally ask each other during the first meeting, what they do for a living. However, they are likely to ask you what part of town you live in, what your religion is (Christian or Muslim?), and since you are a foreigner you will also be asked how long you have been in the country, where you are from, and what you think of Tanzania, however long you have been there. Laughter permeates the air, and people enjoy a good joke, often at the expense of their friends, even if they are foreigners. This is a good time to learn how to laugh at one’s follies. If a person is sharing something that they know will produce laughter they will have their right hand upturned waiting for a slap from you. If for some reason their or your right hand is unavailable, it is expected to put forward their wrist, lower arm, shoulder or upper arm. Cultural Information - Communication Styles Question: What do I need to know about verbal and non-verbal communications? Local Perspective: In most working places people tend to talk at close range without putting too much significance into the space between them with friends or strangers. Standing away from someone is a sign that they are not welcome. If one cracks a joke during the talk or chat on unofficial matters and people laugh then it’s normal for other partners or even strangers to stretch a hand for the talker to clap/tap, as a sign to salute the story. Talk and touching hands among friends even office workers who are not necessarily friends is not strange thing. This is not limited to gender; it can be male-to-male or female to male and vice versa. Eye contact is very important and necessary if it’s official conversation or anything involving trust. Avoiding eye contact implies that you are not telling the whole truth or not committed to what you are talking about. But fixed eye contact with a person of the opposite sex, especially with a female friend or stranger is an unwelcome gesture and regarded as intrusion of privacy or being rude. Most women find that gazing upon them embarrassing. Facial expression, body language and tone of voice are key in conversation. Sometimes people do not talk but every one will interpret you according to the body and facial expression. Speaking in public or with group of people can result in different interpretations of what being said. The meaning of any word spoken is carefully associated with facial expression or tone of voice. It is through such kind of interpretation one can be liked or hated by fellow workers or neighbours. The most common gestures are not annoying especially in a friendly environment; although over doing it can get you a nickname. The nickname does not intend to offend the person even though it may sound offensive. Offending gestures are those used to insult other people or to show them they are useless; although very few people give interpretation or philosophical meaning to hand gesture under normal circumstances. Canadian Perspective: In general, Tanzanian people will greet each other with a handshake, sometimes even between husband and wife. During a conversation a Tanzanian is likely to touch your shoulder, your hand and look you in the eye or in the general direction of your face. Among Tanzanians, the person with less social ranking is not expected to look at the person with higher social ranking in the eye. Foreigners are not normally expected to avert their eyes, as there seems to be an understanding that a foreigner will not do this, possibly a leftover from colonization. However, people will often avert their eyes when speaking with a foreigner, especially if they are women and from rural areas. As a measure of deference some people might speak to you directly in the third person. In general, Tanzanians have a smaller requirement for space. Distance between people is closer than Canadians are generally accustomed to, and people will tend to stand closer to you when having a dialogue. Also, in a crowd such as in the market or a bus stop (or in the bus itself), people are not uncomfortable with standing very close to others and may often bump on you. Unlike Canadians, they are not likely to say sorry right away, which may be a source of frustration for Canadians. When handing people something, eating or touching a friend, do so with the right hand. Using the left hand is frowned upon and discouraged. If your right hand is busy, wet or dirty when about to do a handshake you are expected to offer the wrist or any other part of the right arm. When eating, Tanzanians will always wash their hands and eat with only their right hand, often from communal plates. The left hand can be used to bring a drink to the lips and if it must absolutely be used, Tanzanians will cross it on top with their right hand. Tanzanians can be very animated when listening to a story and will make reassuring sounds that are different from those in Canada; for example a fast sigh similar to that which a Canadian might make when they forget something is often used while listening to another person to mean 'uhuh' (yes I hear you). Tanzanians are very conscious of status and people of higher status will usually speak very firmly and directly to people of lower status. Cultural Information - Display of Emotion Question: Are public displays of affection, anger or other emotions acceptable? Local Perspective: Public display of affection, anger, or other displays of emotion in general are not acceptable. Most Tanzanians think that to show affection with some one you love or anything you love is being boastful and showing-off. They don’t expect to see two lovers kissing in public!!!! Most Tanzanians try to hide their anger in presence of their colleagues to avoid being seen as cowardly and intolerant. Thus many people will tend to paint smile on their face keep quiet but in reality they are really hurt in their hearts. On emotional issues most people, especially men, don’t shed tears in public, and if it happens, it should be a very short instance. Women are allowed to show their emotions to certain extent. Canadian Perspective: Tanzanians will express affection quite openly to each other among colleagues, friends, or family. However, amorous displays between couples are generally frowned upon though they are becoming more common. Men will often hold hands with each other (particularly in muslim dominated areas such as the coast, Dar es Salaam and Zanzibar) and so will women, but it is still rare to see a man and a woman holding hands. Husband and wife will usually greet each other with a regular 'habari yako' ('how are you?' ) and/or a handshake. Sadness within a context where it is expected is expected, in fact encouraged. People attending a funeral will cry, sometimes at a very high pitch and long periods of time, even if they do not know the dead person. Random bouts of crying when not in a funeral or the like are seen as unusual but not worrying. As for expressing anger, it is not unusual to see people having an argument with raised voices on the street, though it is not encouraged. When people are trying to deal with a conflict they are more likely to send subtle messages rather than confront the problem head-on and openly. Often people will send messages to each other by the message written on a khanga (two identical rectangular pieces of cloth that have a colourful design, a border and a saying in Swahili written on one of the long sides). Women may wear a particular khanga to send a message to someone else (for example wearing a khanga that says 'if gossip was money, some would be rich' as she passes by a gossiping neighbour). Khangas are often given as gifts and chosen specifically for their message to fit the occasion, such as 'wishing you all the best' for someone who is departing. Cultural Information - Dress, Punctuality & Formality Question: What should I know about the workplace environment (deadlines, dress, formality, etc.)? Local Perspective: Tanzania has a tropical climate. This means that light clothes are needed. Most people wear formal dress, or sometimes, nice outfits like slacks but not blue jeans. It is very rare to find people wearing casual clothing on the working days or when attending official meetings. In work places most people are addressed by their surname or married names. For those who are acquainted or familiar, or of the same age group, the first name is sometimes used, especially among women. The term 'punctuality' is a foreign term to most Tanzanians. There is no habit of being punctual with their schedule, deadline or to keep time. However, rate of productivity is very high due to commitment made to their assignment. Canadian Perspective: Dressing for an office workplace will normally imply a collar shirt and skirt for women and a collar shirt (or if you like a guayabera) and slacks for men, both with dress shoes. In the cooler areas, around the North (Moshi, Arusha) and the south (Mbeya, Songea), a jacket may be expected. If you are in a rural area, you will still be expected to look sharp though the standard will be relaxed (jeans/cotton slacks). On the coast, men will often wear a short-sleeve jacket/shirt with matching pants. In general, men do not wear shorts (normally only primary school aged boys) and women wear clothing that covers both their knees and their shoulders. Though Tanzanian women do not normally wear slacks, this is becoming more and more common with the younger generation. However, each workplace is different so you may want to start with rather conservative clothing until you decide what you feel comfortable with. Tanzanians address each other with the family denomination that would correspond to them according to their age: adult women will be 'mama' (mother), older women 'bibi' (grandmother), younger women 'dada' (sister), adult men 'baba' (father) or 'mzee' (old man). When addressing someone by name it is best to use the surname, normally, they will say what they would like to be called (by the first name, or Mama X for example). People may also address a server at a restaurant as 'rafiki' (friend). Tanzanians, even from lower classes, will make every effort to wear clean clothing, though it may be modest. It is important for them to look sharp. As for shoes, Tanzanians frown upon the use of flip-flops outside of the house as they are normally used in the bathroom only. Low-income people do wear flip-flops normally though. Time keeping is more relaxed than in Canada, and even Tanzanians joke about 'swahili time', which may be related to the 6-hour time difference between Greenwich time and Swahili time. Swahili time is also based on two 12-hour sets during a 24-hour period, however, each set goes from 6 o’clock to 6 o’clock, where 6 am is 'saa kumi na mbili asubuhi' (12 o’clock in the morning), 7 am is 'saa moja' (1 o’clock), 12 noon is 'saa sita' (6 o’clock), 6 pm is 'saa kumi na mbili jioni' (12 o’clock in the evening) and so on. Given that Tanzania is located around the Equator and daylight is usually from 6 am to 6 pm, this system is in fact quite sensible. The best way to learn Swahili time is to add 6 hours to conventional time. To keep track of both, you can get a watch with hands and simply look to the opposite side of the clock to tell Swahili time. Normally, Tanzanians will use Swahili time when speaking in Swahili and English time when speaking in English. However, things can get lost in the translation and confusions often arise. For example, you will arrange a meeting for 10 o’clock only to find out, after much waiting, that it was not for 10 am but rather for 4 pm. It is important to always clarify whether an appointment is in the morning ('asubuhi'), afternoon ('mchana') or evening ('jioni'). Tanzanians don’t like to say 'no'. In many offices, businesses or government services, this will be translated into 'tomorrow' ('kesho'). This can be a delay tactic or a subdued way of asking for something extra (a bribe). Cultural Information - Preferred Managerial Qualities Question: What qualities are most highly regarded in a local superior/manager? How will I know how my staff view me? Local Perspective: Qualities that are most highly regarded in a local supervision/manager are education, experience, people skills, and being hard working. The most successful managers are those who are open to new ideas and are ready to show their leadership skills when it really matters. Most Tanzanians regard highly leaders who can make difficult decisions and stand by those decisions. For the non-local manager/supervisor, unfortunately they are regarded as incompetent unless they prove beyond doubt that they are capable of doing that job. It is assumed that it is only money that guarantees their position and decision making powers. It has happened many times that local staff, especially subordinates, are highly qualified and experienced but poorly paid. Whereas non local managers don’t have that much expertise and education compared to their local counterpart. So local staff do not take them seriously. Thus, whenever they make obvious mistakes it becomes a laughing matter and no one will come forward to advise or redeem the situation. It is only expatriate’s personal relationship with local staff will help the person to carry out his or her duties successfully. It is very hard and tricky for a non-local manager to know how their staff views them. Being close to your local staff especially subordinate can help to avoid misunderstandings in the first six months. After being familiar with local staff and learning some of the local language and behaviour, it will be easier to understand who is genuine and honest and who is cynical. In my experience I have seen many competent and hard working expatriates find assistance from most of local staff; that is good indication that you are trusted and respected. Canadian Perspective: A person is highly regarded for her/his personality, ability to get along with others, flexibility and ability to carry through. Status is also very important to Tanzanians. Managers will often invite their employees to their homes for a dinner or other social events and it is polite to always accept and attend even if one does not stay for long. Staff will send subtle coded messages if they are discontented, but are likely to be more effusive if they are contented with a manager or a colleague. Foreigners, particularly a person with experience, may be regarded as an 'expert' much to the chagrin of Canadians who often want to just be 'one of the gang'. Most of the above applies to foreigners as well, though it will change from one workplace to another. You will normally get a sense of how things work after a few weeks with your new colleagues. Foreigners are particularly appreciated when they make an effort to learn and use Swahili in their conversations. Tanzanians have a particular pride about Swahili, their national language, since it is the lingua franca of the country and is not a European language left as a legacy of colonisation. In general, Tanzanians will appreciate this legacy of the time when Julius Nyerere was president whether or not they agree with his philosophies or his government. Cultural Information - Hierarchy and Decision-making Question: In the workplace, how are decisions taken and by whom? Is it acceptable to go to my immediate supervisor for answers or feedback? Local Perspective: In the Tanzanian context, the decision making structure it is still a nightmare. Public institutions still follow British orientation from colonial era, which is full of bureaucracy and hierarchy. New models of decision-making are also being introduced and they cause a lot of problems because some of them are originating from socialist-communist ideologies and now from free-market philosophy. In short, it all depends on individual organisation and conduct. It is expected to approach your immediate supervisor for answers and feedback. It is regarded as unprofessional to seek answers from your supervisors without your immediate supervisor’s knowledge or permission. In many cases it is perceived as insubordination and will spoil your relationship with your supervisor possibly to the point of creating considerable long-term resentment. Canadian Perspective: Tanzanian organisations often have a clearly defined hierarchical structure that usually involves the Director (or highest ranking officer) as the centralized decision maker. The Director is often the founder of the organisation, who drives and directs the organisation. Staff are accustomed to receiving orders/directives from the Director and will not usually be very vocal about an initiative they are interested in undertaking. They will either abandon it or proceed without first checking with their supervisor. Tanzanians will check with their supervisors on their activities. However, for more direct information and guidance, they will often turn to their colleagues, as they may be concerned that their checking back repeatedly with their supervisor may be seen as a sign of bad performance. If they believe that a proposal runs the risk of not being accepted, they will often try to first convince their colleagues to back them up. A foreigner will often upset the balance of power, which may allow space for others with less ranking to be more open about their opinions and their vision for the workplace. This will be even more evident in organisations where the staff has not worked with a foreigner in the past. Cultural Information - Religion, Class, Ethnicity, & Gender Question: Briefly describe the local culture’s attitudes regarding the following: Gender, Class, Religion and Ethnicity. What impact would the above attitudes have on the workplace? Local Perspective: Gender: Tanzania society is a male-dominated society. Men occupy most of the high positions and are in charge of social decision-making as well. Men are still regarded as head of the families and main providers. However, the number of women in working places has increased greatly and it is very possible it has surpassed the men workforce. It is uncommon to discriminate against women at working places. The government has introduced laws, rules and has set different institutions to defend and protect women rights in working places. Religion: In Tanzania there four groups of believers, Muslim who are said to be 55%, Christian 35%, and the rest is Hindu (Singh, Budhaa) and traditional religious groups e.g. In mainland Tanzania the government has ties religious groups, although it is independent. Thus, individuals have rights to believe in anything, as long they don’t break the state laws. Most cultures have found themselves in dilemma between these foreign imported religions (Muslim and Christian), which don’t fit exactly to their way of living. Sometimes, followers of those religions find it difficult to abide by those religions. For example, some Christians have more than one wife whereas Muslims drink beer during some of their cultural ceremonies, i.e. Wedding, funerals etc. Most of mainlanders take their religious beliefs seriously but only at an individual level. During religious festival such as Eid el-fitr or Christmas it is hard to know who is Muslim or Christian because everyone celebrates. Intermarriage between Christians and Muslims is quite normal. Thus one family can have believers from different religious group. Class: In the Tanzanian context, classes are a very new and complex phenomenon, especially in urban areas. There are businessmen/women, workers and politicians. Workers are of three categories as well: Highly skilled government and private institution employees; middle class civil servants; and low paid workers. It should be noted that the Government was the main job provider for most Tanzanians until recent years. It is very hard to differentiate those classes because most of the Tanzania urbanites are living in unplanned settlements. Thus most people live or squat in those areas without identifying themselves with the kind of class they belong. It is only politician class who tend mostly to live in planned areas of the city. Ethnicity: Tanzania has more than 120 tribes residing in 20 regions. Tribal nepotism is practised although not openly and it is very hard to crack it down. To large extent, Tanzania is the only country in Africa where most of its people identify themselves as Tanzanian first and not with their affiliated tribes. Having one indigenous national language brought a sense of unity and belonging. Thus, regardless one’s tribe or cultural background, we all share in the urban culture mosaic. Canadian Perspective: Gender: Under statutory law, women and men are considered to be equal. However, within the other co-existing legal systems of the country, customary law (according to the tribe), Indian law (for people of Indian descent), and Islamic Shari’a law (for Muslims), women are considered to be under the power and control of men. A different set of laws will be applied to different people according to their ethnicity, their religion and after death, the way they lived their life. However, for most Tanzanians, customary law will be most important and relevant in their lives. In the workplace, women will often have a lower status than men and are more likely to be asked to take care of tasks that are not part of their jobs. They are also more likely to feel more intimidated by their supervisors, and sometimes their colleagues. Religion: There are four major religious groups in Tanzania: Christian, Muslim, Hindu and traditional religions. However, Tanzanians will ask if you are Christian or Muslim, largely because Tanzanians follow a symbiotic mix that involves one of these two as well as the traditional beliefs of their society. Tanzanians usually don’t ask each other these questions, as they are able to deduce someone’s religion by their name and place of origin. There is a careful balance maintained between Christians and Muslims, which can sometimes threaten to boil over. The religion issue also separates the mainland with the Zanzibar archipelago, which is Muslim in its near majority. Class: Belonging to a lower class is not necessarily seen as a source of shame; it is just how it is and Tanzanians are not ashamed to recognize the fact that someone who is poorer or richer than them. There is however, an expectation that those with means will support those who have a lesser income, a customary way of ensuring that everyone is cared for. Such expectations however, can impose on families with means, to the point where a second or third cousin may show up without notice to a house asking to be lodged until he is able to find a job, which can sometimes take months. Upper and lower class people may mix in different situations, but it will be clear to them that they belong to different groups, and act accordingly. For example, middle or upper class people will not normally frequent the same eateries as their lower class colleagues, though they may in fact eat the same food (by sending out a colleague with a container to fetch the day’s lunch). Ethnicity: For Tanzanians, tribal origin is an important though not a determining factor. As opposed to other countries where tribal origin and tribal language are a primary source of information, in Tanzania it is probably secondary. This is probably due to the fact that all people identify as 'Tanzanians' united by Swahili, their national language. People from the same ethnicity, and especially from the same village, will address each other as if they were family using the adjective to family ranking they would have were they to be in the same family (brother, sister, mother, grandmother, etc.). Knowing the reputation ascribed to each tribe (for example, the Chagga are perceived as business savvy, meat-eaters who like to drink beer, while the Sukuma are perceived as gentle, soft-spoken people) can help a foreigner understand some of the underlying factors to a relationship among Tanzanians in the workplace though they should not be applied as a definition to those you meet. Arabs are considered as very different, which may explain the cultural distance between the mainland and Zanzibar. Indians are not often well regarded; they form a large part of the business-owning population in the country and can be perceived as taking advantage of the Africans. They are not ill-treated however and were never expelled like their counterparts in Uganda. I would add here that age is another very important factor in Tanzanian culture. There is well-entrenched social structure that is based on one’s age. Greetings to each other depend on the age of the two people greeting. This structure can be very difficult to understand and accept by Canadians but one’s age is an important determinant of social ranking in general and in the workplace. A new employee who is younger than anyone else, regardless of actual age and whether foreigner or not, will often be addressed as 'mtoto' (child), while an older one will be a 'mama' (mother). Younger employees may also be asked to do the type of tasks that children are asked to do, such as running errands. Cultural Information - Relationship-building Question: How important is it to establish a personal relationship with a colleague or client before getting to business? Local Perspective: It will seem obvious to your Tanzanian colleagues or clients that one establishes a personal relationship before getting to business because in their eyes, business by itself is a secondary issue. One’s humanity character/behaviour is the most important thing; business comes only when it means dealing with someone whom they regard as a friend and they can trust and respect. Signing contracts and other papers is not important to Tanzanians because their commitment to the business at hand is not based on paper. An agreement will be made in front of the people they respect most i.e. Wife, lineage, friends. They tend to respect that commitment or promise because everyone who was there is regarded as a witness to the occasion. One of the best tools to establish a relationship with the Tanzanian people is to listen to their stories and hardships. They will also appreciate it if you show signs of sympathy and understanding of their misfortunes. One can contribute on how to alleviate or lessen the calamity to certain extent. They know for sure that you can’t solve their problems overnight or by miracles but trying to understand their problems in their context and perspective provides an opportunity to gain trust and establish a personal friendship. Canadian Perspective: Tanzanians value the moment during which you greet and you catch up on the last few days, and recent events. It is important to always use adequate time to do this with colleagues, clients or civil servants. Relationships are established through continued contact and maintaining a reasonable amount of time greeting. Failure to go through the greetings can result in Tanzanians perceiving the other person as rude and thus decreasing their desire to collaborate with you. Tanzanians feel that it is important to set the context of something that will be talked about though they will often take longer than a Canadian would. It is not polite to interrupt a person even they have been speaking for some time. Cultural Information - Privileges and Favouritism Question: Would a colleague or employee expect special privileges or considerations given our personal relationship or friendship Local Perspective: Due to high rate of unemployment in the country, most employees would expect personal relationship/friendship to influence hiring process or to get them high priority on consideration. However, this is not advisable because every staff person will come forward at their own time to ask for similar favour. Hiring is very tricky business; loyalty and commitment can be of equal importance as experience especially for scheduled projects. Some candidates are good and qualified but not committed to the projects. Caution: don’t employ all the staff from the same tribe or area even if they are highly competent!! Canadian Perspective: Possibly yes. The social structure is such that a person is obliged to help a family member, a friend, or a person who grew up in their same village (even if they were not close growing up). Tanzanians may be pressured to take in people to live with them, pay their studies or find them a job. This same informal structure can also transferred to the workplace. Foreigners often get approached to hire a family member whether in their workplace or home. Such relationships can be complicated, but need not be so. You are not obliged to keep the person should it not work out though you will need to handle it delicately. Tanzanians do not normally use 'no' and rather prefer to delay things. Low-paid employees may sometimes be told that there is no work for a few days and they will be called when there is more work rather than being explicitly fired. Given the fact that most Tanzanians earn very small salaries or none at all, people may decline an invitation to a social event if it is not clear that someone else will take care of the costs. Because of the social structure it is not considered shameful to expect and to be 'sponsored' by a friend or colleague. Tanzanians call this 'an offer'. Cultural Information - Conflicts in the Workplace Question: I have a work-related problem with a colleague. Do I confront him or her directly? Privately or publicly? Local Perspective: Work related problems are usually solved as a private issue. You can summon someone in personal or arrange a meeting with her/his immediate supervisor and solve all relevant problems. The meeting should be in private place, any public confrontation is being regarded as humiliation. In the Tanzanian context, it is very difficult to know if a colleague is having problems with you unless you have studied how that person behaves in a normal situation. Many people tend to hide their feelings, especially in presence of foreigners or their supervisors. There are a few things or gestures that can provide you with a clue to such a situation. For example, people will tend to stop talking or avoid your presence or make themselves busy. Normal conversations may tend to turn into arguments or hot debate more frequently. Canadian Perspective: Tanzanians do not like to discuss conflict in public, unless it involves a strictly public or political person. In the workplace, difficulties may be approached using subtle language in private. If a person has a difficulty with a superior, they may involve a colleague, so that they feel more comfortable broaching the subject. Even in this case, it will still be discussed using very circuitous language. It is important to hear to what is not being said, as well as to what is being said. Cultural Information - Motivating Local Colleagues Question: What motivates my local colleagues to perform well on the job? Local Perspective: It all depends on profession and nature of the work but in most cases loyalty, fear of failure, money and working conditions. Canadian Perspective: Tanzanians are primarily motivated to perform well to earn a salary so that they fulfill their family obligations, which can be very heavy. In Tanzania, the family structure is large and complex. Those with higher education and in a job where their education and experience is used will also be motivated by job satisfaction and commitment to the issues they work on. Prestige is based on the position they hold, the organisation they work with or their affairs with the public, which is also very important. Cultural Information - Recommended Books, Films & Foods Question: To help me learn more about the local culture(s), please recommend: books, films, television shows, foods and web sites. Local Perspective: Magazines: www.ippmedia.com; www.africanonline.com-Tanzania; www.theexpress.com; www.majira.com In order to learn about Tanzanian people and their culture, the foremost thing to do is to break language barrier—that means to learn Swahili. Learning Swahili will free you from depending on a cultural interpreter and widen your scope of interaction with local people. You have to understand that in Tanzania there more than 120 ethnic groups and people live together share a lot stuff together as if they belong to the same ethnic group. Canadian Perspective: See the response to the next question. Cultural Information - National Heroes Question: Who are this country's national heroes? Local Perspective: Our first President, the late Julius Nyerere and former Prime Minister, the late Edward Sokoine. These are the only leaders who worked very hard for the sake of our poor peasants and for the country as a whole without being involved in dubious or questionable deals. Canadian Perspective: Julius 'Mwalimu' Nyerere, who brought the country to independence and was the first president of the country, is a very important person. National mourning over a period of days marked his death and his legacy continues to be an important influence on the country. However, he is not everybody’s national hero, as some Tanzanians - now in exile - were subject to repression because they did not agree with his government. Cultural Information - Shared Historical Events with Canada Question: Are there shared historical events between this country and Canada that could affect work or social relations? Local Perspective: Not to my understanding, but I know that our first President Nyerere was an avid, friend and admirer of your former late Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. Canadian Perspective: No events that I can think of. Canadians may sometimes be identified as Americans, so information on current perception of Americans is important to keep in mind. The American Embassy in Dar es Salaam and Nairobi were both bombed in 1999, leaving some tension in its wake. Cultural Information - Stereotypes Question: What stereotypes do Canadians have about the local culture that might be harmful to effective relations? Local Perspective: Canadians are regarded as honest and good people as far as I understand. CIDA being one of the popular foreign aid donors makes Canadians more popular in Tanzania. Canadian Perspective: Tanzanians do not appreciate being compared or confused with Kenyans, much like Canadians do not like to be amalgamated with people from the United States. Such a situation might create difficulties in establishing rapport with a new acquaintance. Cultural Information - About the Cultural Interpreters Local Interpreter: Your cultural interpreter was born in Shinyanga, Tanzania, the second of 10 children. He was raised in the towns of Dodoma and Mwanza in the central and North west of Tanzania until the age of 17. He then moved to Dar es Salaam to continue his studies, and later to Belgium. There he graduated with Masters of Architecture from the Catholic University of Leuven. Afterwards, your cultural interpreter immigrated to Canada to live and work in Toronto. He is currently living in Toronto and working as a software quality assurance analyst. He is married with one child. Canadian Interpreter: Your cultural interpreter was born and raised in Guatemala until age 15. She then completed an International Baccalaureate at the United World College of the American West in New Mexico, USA. She immigrated to Canada in 1992 and completed a BA in Comparative Development Studies and Women's Studies at Trent University in Peterborough, Ontario. A year later, after travelling to Asia and working in Eastern Europe, she moved to Dar es Salaam, Tanzania to work with Women Advancement Trust, a Tanzanian non-governmental organisation. She was the first foreigner that the organisation had worked closely with, which proved to be an exciting challenge for all of them. She currently works in international development, managing projects on peace, democracy and governance. She lives in Ottawa currently and continues to travel and work in Africa. Disclaimer Country Insights - Intercultural Issues are intended to provide snapshots of the overall social and cultural norms as well as the workplace environment that a Canadian might face working in a specific country. For each country, two perspectives are provided: one by a Canadian and the other by a person born in the selected country. By comparing the 'local point of view' with the 'Canadian point of view', you will begin to form a picture of that country's culture. We encourage you to continue your research using a variety of other sources and to use as an evaluation process. Although cultural informants were asked to draw on as broad a base of experience as possible in formulating their answers, these should be understood as one perspective that reflects the particular context and life experiences of that person; they are not intended to be a comment on any particular group or society. You may disagree with or object to the content of some responses. This is to be expected given the complexity of the subject and the problems associated with speaking generally about an entire country and its people. We would encourage you to share your experiences; your contributions will help to make Country Insights a richer environment for learning. The content of Country Insights in no way reflects official policy or opinions of the Government of Canada, Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada or the Centre for Intercultural Learning. |
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February 2018
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