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Vulnerability of the hippocampus to traumatic brain injury (TBI) in adults is related to severity of injury and white matter atrophy. The objectives of this study were to determine features of anthropometry and cerebral morphometry late after TBI in childhood and to assess whether hippocampal volume is related to severity of initial ictus and changes in white matter at follow-up. Thirty-three patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging 4.9 y after severe TBI that necessitated intensive care; 23 had mechanical ventilation and intracranial pressure monitoring longer than 3 d. Magnetic resonance imaging analyses included volume of brain, hemisphere, ventricles, and hippocampal and perihippocampal regions; spatial distribution of voxel-based morphometry differences in white matter; and eigenvalues of diffusion tensor imaging diffusivity. Patients with longer intensive care ictus had smaller-than-expected occipitofrontal head circumference. Eight of these, identified by voxel-based morphometry, had periventricular white matter loss and smaller-than-expected brain volume for OFC, suggesting “atrophy”; the remainder had expected volume for a smaller OFC, suggesting “growth disturbance.” Ninety-three percent of the variation in right hippocampal volume was accounted for by factors related to severity of injury and white matter atrophy. Head circumference calculator. Macrocephaly can not be diagnosed in cases in which the head size of the child is keeping to a. Includes CDC Growth Charts. Reference range for head circumference on the Tanner charts do not go beyond age 16. In this study the head circumference and heights of 354 adults in two British centres were measured. The centile charts constructed from these measurements show that adult head circumference is related to height. Head circumference is an important measure in infants. CIRCUMFERENCE and children because it reflects brain growth. DATA measurement may be considered inaccurate include: • Braces/cast. • Exceeds scale capacity. • Uncooperative. • Non-WIC measurements. Find and save ideas about Child growth calculator on Pinterest.| See more ideas about Boys growth chart calculator, Baby birth calculator and 6 months pregnant symptoms. Yahoo Lifestyle is your source for style, beauty, and wellness, including health, inspiring stories, and the latest fashion trends. It is concluded that anthropometry and cerebral morphometric measurements late after severe TBI in childhood provides useful outcome data and indicate that, despite adequate growth in stature, effects of TBI on brain growth and hippocampal volume may extend into adulthood. A key factor in preserving cognitive abilities during aging is brain growth during childhood (,). Larger head size is associated with better performance, and, in adults, a difference as small as 1.3 SD (2 cm) is of major significance. It is also suggested that factors that promote brain growth may protect against cognitive decline (). However, a corollary to this idea must also be the potential effect of impaired growth in childhood and risk for lesser cognitive function throughout adulthood, with detrimental implications in old age. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is relatively common in children and adolescents (), and in recent years, there has been much work on the close relationship between findings on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional and behavioral outcomes. The hippocampus and white matter have been a particular focus. For example, in adults who survive TBI, MRI findings show that the degree of hippocampal atrophy is related to severity of initial injury () and subsequent white matter atrophy (). In children, however, only a trend ( p = 0.09) toward smaller right hippocampal volume has been found in more severe cases (). Hippocampal volume and its relations can serve as a “bioassay” of previous or ongoing pathology and development. For example, the hippocampus is a temporal lobe grey matter structure that grows during adolescence (). It is susceptible to deafferentation secondary to generalized cortical cell loss resulting from direct injury; alternatively, this may result from loss of inputs as a result of necrosis of the perihippocampal area, a consequence of raised intracranial pressure (ICP). Finally, it is a structure that is selectively vulnerable to systemic metabolic derangement (). The objective of this study was to consider the interaction among severity of TBI in childhood, white matter pathology, growth anthropometry, and hippocampal atrophy. Recruitment and clinical characterization. The Institutional Review Board for human studies (ethics review committee) of the Cambridge University Teaching Hospitals Trust approved this study, and informed consent was obtained from all participants and their families. All participants were survivors of severe TBI that had necessitated endotracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation, and admission to our pediatric intensive care unit during the 1990s. In all potential participants, a review of their acute ictus was gained from the patient record, investigations, monitoring, and treatment. These data included age at injury, postresuscitation, preintubation Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score (), and whether neurosurgery was performed. Acute imaging was used to identify those with focal findings and skull fracture. When there was evidence of laterality, the side with predominant abnormality was considered to be the side with most injury. This blinded evaluation was based on the side of the head with intracranial blood (including contusions, hematoma, and subarachnoid); differential hemisphere swelling in which one hemisphere was more severely affected than the other, usually the one ipsilateral or subjacent to hemorrhage; and the site of skull fracture. Exclusion criteria for this study were previously diagnosed neuropsychiatric disorder, more than one hospitalization for TBI, status epilepticus during initial ictus, subsequent epilepsy or anticonvulsant therapy, or developmental disorder. All 33 participants were assigned, a priori, to a severe TBI non-ICP or TBI ICP group. This categorization was based on duration of mechanical ventilation during the acute ictus, and the cut-off used was 3 d because patients with an insignificant level of ICP are removed from mechanical ventilation within this period. Twenty-three participants were in the >3 d ICP group; all of these underwent ICP monitoring, and all received therapy for raised ICP, which in our practice is instituted when the level is >20 mm Hg (). The demographic features of these groups did not differ in regard to age at injury, proportion male, or GCS. At the time of MRI, height, weight, and head circumference [occipitofrontal circumference (OFC)] were measured by a single observer using standard procedures (). Age- and gender-specific SD scores (SDS) for all measurements were calculated using UK reference data (). In participants who were older than the reference range for OFC, the SDS was calculated using the limits of the normal data. (This manipulation would tend to underestimate any difference between our groups.) Also, body mass index ([height in m]/[weight in kg] 2) was converted into SDS, and body surface area (BSA) was calculated using standard tables (). MRI was performed on a Bruker Medspec 30/100 spectrometer (Bruker Medical, Etlingen, Germany) attached to an Oxford 3.0-T, 910-mm bore whole-body, actively shielded magnet (Oxford Magnet Technology, Oxford, UK). A multioblique three-dimensional spoiled gradient echo (SPGR) sequence was acquired using a repetition time of 20 ms, an echo time of 5 ms, a flip angle of 20°, a field of view of 25.6 × 25.6 × 25.6 cm, and matrix size of 256 × 256 × 128 (giving a spatial resolution of 1 × 1 × 2 mm). Diffusion tensor MRI. Diffusion tensor MRI (DTI) was performed using a standard single-shot, spin echo, echo planar imaging (EPI) pulse sequence, inserting a pair of diffusion weighted (DW) Stejskal-Tanner rectangular gradient pulses in it (). The duration of the DW gradient pulses was 21 ms, and their temporal spacing was 66 ms. The DTI protocol consisted of 63 acquisitions. The DW gradients were applied along 12 noncollinear spatial directions arranged uniformly (). For each direction, five DW images were acquired, each corresponding to a different b value (). These five b values were distributed equidistant in the interval 0–1570 s/mm 2, with 1570 s/mm 2 corresponding to optimum noise performance for a two-point apparent diffusion coefficient measurement (,). The adverse effects of eddy currents on single-shot DW EPI () were eliminated efficiently by a robust adjustment of the preemphasis unit of the system (). Multislice imaging was performed with eight to 12 contiguous slices in the near axial plane, with 5-mm-slice thickness and 25-cm field of view. The acquisition matrix was 128 × 128, and sampling dwell time was 5 μs. Asymmetric k-space coverage was performed along the phase encode direction (24% of the data acquired before reaching the centre of k-space). The echo time was 106 ms, and the repetition time was 5070 ms. No other intermediate-processing step, such as image realignment or correction (as a result of eddy current–induced distortions) was required. All SPGR images were transferred to an offline workstation for postprocessing. One investigator, who was blinded to the participant group and information, made the volumetric measurements using ANALYZE software (Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN). Reproducibility, as measured by intraclass correlation coefficient, was >95%. Previously reported methods were used for the assessment of intracranial volume (ICV) (), hemisphere volume (), and ventricular volume (). Brain tissue volume was calculated from the difference between ICV and ventricular volume. Ventricular brain ratio (VBR%) was calculated as follows: VBR% = 100 × [ventricular volume]/[ICV] (). Hemisphere VBR% was calculated using the hemisphere volumes. Perihippocampal volume—defined as the sum of the main cortical inputs that come via the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampus and including entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal areas ()—was measured with the SPGR slices reorientated orthogonal to the longitudinal axis of the right hippocampus. Images were viewed in the coronal plane, with a final slice thickness of 0.86 mm and magnified 400% using bilinear interpolation. A digital stylus and MEDx 3.4 software (Sensor Systems, Sterling, VA) was used to trace regions of interest (ROIs) from which volume measurements were subsequently determined by multiplying ROI area by the slice thickness. The anatomical boundary of the hippocampal formation was defined as a composite of the following regions: cornu ammonis subfields CA1 to CA4, the dentate gyrus, the subiculum and presubiculum, and the amygdalohippocampal transition area. The boundary rostrally, separating the hippocampus from the amygdala, was a combination of the alveus and the lateral ventricle. The lateral ventricle also served as the lateral boundary. Medially, the entorhinal cortex bordered the hippocampus, more caudally; posterior to the uncus, the boundary was the edge of the temporal lobe. The caudal limit extended to include the last slice in which the hippocampus was distinct from the fornix. The perirhinal region was defined as the grey matter surrounding the collateral sulcus, excluding a small medial portion that belongs to the entorhinal cortex. The rostral limit was located 2 mm anterior to the frontotemporal junction, and the caudal limit was 3 mm posterior to the end of the uncus. The collateral sulcus tends to vary in form. When it bifurcated, the entire bifurcation was included until the split was complete, at which point only the medial branch of the sulcus was included. The entorhinal area extends from the frontal-temporal junction to 2 mm caudal to the uncus. The rostral boundary was marked dorsally by the amygdala and the shallow sulcus semiannularis. When the sulcus semiannularis was not visible, the level of the uncal hippocampus marked the rostral boundary. Ventrally and laterally, the entorhinal cortex extended to the surface of the medial bank of the collateral sulcus, where it bordered the perirhinal cortex along the anteroposterior extent. The parahippocampal area was defined as both banks of the collateral sulcus together with the tissue ventral to the presubiculum. The rostral limit was the end of the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices, and the caudal limit was the beginning of the calcarine fissure. Voxel-based morphometry. The three-dimensional data sets were analyzed in Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) 99 software (Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, London, UK). Each scan was normalized to a standardised template (). The data were normalized by global grey matter; this is a fundamental component that accounts for any differences among subjects that are simply due to differences in brain size. The images were segmented using a Bayesian algorithm (), and continuous probability maps were produced whereby the values correspond to the posterior probability that the voxel belonged to the grey matter partition. White and grey matter segmented images were smoothed with 12-mm isotropic Gaussian kernels that render the voxel values an index of the amount of grey (or white) matter per unit volume under the smoothing kernel. Each individual from the ICP group was compared against the entire non-ICP group. Use of such unbalanced designs in SPM has been validated at 12 mm (). Inferences from SPM were made at statistical threshold levels corrected for multiple comparisons across the entire brain. Analysis of diffusivity. DTI axial scans were transferred to an offline workstation for postprocessing. One investigator, who was blinded to the participant group and information, selected each hemisphere ROI systematically from an axial slice at a level just above the corpus callosum and ventricle lateral horns (usually the penultimate axial slice). Four participants with slices that included ventricular space, because of ventriculomegaly, were excluded from this part of the analysis. The hemisphere ROI “object map” was selected by outlining the interhemispheric fissure and the cortical surface of each hemisphere. An individual object map was created for each hemisphere in each participant. Intraclass correlation coefficients for mean and SD of the ROI (left and right hemisphere) object maps ranged from 80 to 99%. The diffusion tensor diffusivity eigenvalues and eigenvectors were estimated for all voxels (). Eigenvalues were sorted in order of decreasing magnitude for each voxel (λ 1 > λ 2 > λ 3), with λ 1 representing the diffusivity along the primary diffusion direction ε 1. The second and third largest eigenvalues (λ 2 and λ 3) represented the diffusivities along directions that were perpendicular to the primary direction and to each other. Mean values for individual whole-hemisphere ROIs were used in the analyses. Statistical analyses. Analyses were carried out using JMP Statistical Discovery Software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Parametric statistics were used because the distribution of the data did not violate assumptions of normality. To minimize false positives resulting from multiple tests, multivariate ANOVA (MANOVA) was used to determine whether the non-ICP and ICP groups had different patterns in 1) anthropometry and whole-brain morphometry and 2) hemisphere subregions and structure. Follow-up one-way ANOVA was run using grouping as the independent variable. When tests of equal variances revealed that the group variances were significantly different, the Welch ANOVA for the means was used in place of the usual ANOVA. Post hoc, between-group differences (taking account for multiple comparisons) was tested using Tukey-Kramer HSD with significance at p. The participants in this study had TBI at the age of 9.3 (4.0) years (mean, SD) and underwent MRI at age 15.1 (3.9) years, on average 4.9 y after injury. Seventeen of 23 participants in the severe TBI ICP group had mainly right-sided injury at the time of acute ictus; 13 of these 17 also had an ipsilateral skull fracture. Whole-brain VBM showed that these acute injuries were associated with later regional abnormalities: significant differences were found in eight of 23 ICP participants compared with the non-ICP group (hypothesis test for proportions, 2.22 SD difference; p = 0.036). Only one of these eight underwent neurosurgery (). In five of these participants, VBM findings showed difference predominantly in the periventricular white matter (). In the remaining three participants, differences were distributed peripherally. Because one third of the ICP group had such white matter difference, all further analyses were performed taking account of this subgrouping in the ICP group, i.e. No VBM difference, and VBM difference. A composite of five cases in the VBM-identified group with periventricular white matter difference. Individual illustrations are displayed in neurologic convention with left hemisphere on the left. Each picture shows the statistical parametric maps (in red, blue, and green colors) superimposed on the mean normalized image of the group data, at a threshold of uncorrected p. Anthropometry and brain morphometry. In the ICP group, there was a reduction in OFC that could not be accounted for by any reduction in height or body size. For example, MANOVA with OFC SDS (OFC SDS) and BSA or body mass index SDS (summary measures of body size) as dependent variables shows disproportionately smaller OFC in the ICP group (Wilk's λ 0.67, F = 15.3, p = 0.0005). Further MANOVA with patient group as a main effect and with OFC SDS, corrected brain volume, and VBR% as dependent variables shows again a significant effect of ICP grouping (Wilks λ 0.62, F = 8.14, p = 0.002) and also an interaction between this grouping and the cerebral parameters assessed (Wilks λ 0.45, F = 6.47, p = 0.0003). The follow-up ANOVA confirms that OFC SDS was disproportionately smaller in the ICP participants when body shape and size were considered. On inspection of the data in (, there are two separate brain morphometry findings in the ICP participants. In the subgroup without VBM-identified differences, the data suggest smaller OFC SDS ( p. Hemisphere diffusivity differences. The presence of a particular side with predominant injury, usually the right, at the time of acute ictus seems to affect white matter in that hemisphere some years later. For example, MANOVA with hemisphere diffusivity eigenvalues (λ 1, λ 2, λ 3) shows that participant grouping has a significant main effect (Wilk's λ 0.54, F 10.12, p = 0.0006), and there is an interaction between participant grouping and side with injury (Wilk's λ 0.58, F 2.86, p = 0.047). In (, the follow-up ANOVA shows that right and left hemisphere mean diffusivity eigenvalues are similar for two groups but are different ( p. Hippocampal volume and its relations. ( shows a case in which hippocampal atrophy is adjacent to periventricular white matter difference. In comparing all participants, right hippocampal volume corrected for hemisphere volume was smaller in the ICP subgroup with VBM-identified tissue loss ( p = 0.011; (). There was no difference in corrected left hippocampal volume or in corrected left and right perihippocampal volumes. Multiple regression analysis with corrected right hippocampal volume as the response variable identified significant effects and interactions. The simple regressors tested included age at injury, age at follow-up, BSA, corrected right perihippocampal volume, corrected left hippocampal volume, and right hemisphere mean diffusivity eigenvalues. The main effects tested included gender, GCS, and ICP grouping. More than 93% of the variation in corrected right hippocampal volume is accounted for by only four parameters (whole-model test F ratio is 9.09–11.97, 0.0005. A summary of images from an adult who sustained severe brain injury in childhood showing right periventricular white matter loss and right hippocampal atrophy. ( Left) A composite of statistical parametric maps (blue and green colors) superimposed on the mean normalized image of the group data, at a threshold of uncorrected p. This study suggests that severe TBI with intracranial hypertension in childhood affects both postictal brain growth and cerebral morphology. These phenomena seem to be distinct because, first, there is an association between a longer time course of ictus (>3 d) and later differences in OFC. Second, there is a subgroup with coexistent white matter difference and disproportionate hippocampal atrophy, which are more severe on the side with predominant injury. Before discussing these points, some consideration should be given to possible limitations of this study. There may have been unavoidable bias in recruitment. It is possible that those with more severe outcome in the ICP group and those with better outcome in the non-ICP group were more inclined to volunteer for research. Hence, the differences may reflect an extreme case, rather than give a more general message about such a population. There is no evidence to support or refute this criticism—although it is unclear why such a bias might occur—but any differences in case-mix ( e.g. Age, gender, GCS, follow-up interval) have been incorporated in the statistical methods. Second, this is a cross-sectional study. Direct effects or changes were not measured but inferred from differences between groups. To determine change a longitudinal study is required. Last, these data have not been compared with normals; rather, a dose effect between groups has been sought. It is possible that all of the participants in this report exhibit some abnormality as a consequence of severe TBI in childhood, and a significant morphologic difference may have been missed ( e.g. Bilateral hippocampal or perihippocampal damage). However, normal anthropometry values in the less severe participants might well exclude this possibility. Head disproportion and brain growth. There is 1 SD difference in head circumference between the groups, with disproportionately smaller heads in those with severe TBI and intracranial hypertension. Inspection of OFC reference data () indicates that at the age of 15 y—the average age in this study—1 SD difference is equivalent to 5 y previous head growth. Given that the interval between acute ictus and follow-up was almost 5 y, this suggests that in those with severe TBI and intracranial hypertension, there may have been significant limitation in head growth in the intervening period. This conclusion is in keeping with previously reported lack of change in corpus callosum area 3 y after head injury in childhood ()—although no anthropometry observations were supplied with that report, so direct comparisons are not possible. One explanation may be that injury was severe enough to cause cerebral atrophy (,). However, in a major proportion of the ICP group, there was no evidence of cerebral atrophy ( i.e. Brain volume was appropriate for head circumference, and there was no increase in ventricular brain ratio). Alternatively, trauma may have resulted in long-term neuroendocrinologic deficiencies such that postictal growth was impaired (). However, growth failure in height is usually a prominent feature, and this was not present here. Last, the potential for adolescent brain growth (,) may have been adversely affected by severe TBI with raised ICP or by our medical management of that state, occurring at a critical stage of preadolescent brain development. For example, the temporal lobe, which is particularly vulnerable to mechanical deformation (), and injury in children () has accretion of grey matter continuing until the age of 16.5 y (). Cerebral atrophy and white matter architecture. Whole-brain VBM demonstrated tissue difference in eight participants who also had evidence of atrophy and different white matter architecture. Ventricular dilation in children (,) and adults (,) with severe brain injury is an indicator of parenchymal loss, more sensitive to periventricular white matter change than grey. In adults, a slow decrease in brain volume has been reported (), occurring up to 3 y after injury with volume loss at a rate greater than that seen with normal aging. None of our participants had symptomatic hydrocephalus, either acute or normal pressure variant. Hence, given that all eight participants with VBM-identified difference had focal hemorrhage and associated hemisphere edema, combined periventricular and hemisphere differences may result from regional perfusion failure (,) and secondary axonal degeneration in the hemisphere subjacent to or involved in hemorrhage (). Regional hippocampal vulnerability and direct injury. Disproportionate hippocampal growth disturbance or atrophy was not found in the subgroup of ICP participants without VBM-identified tissue loss. Neither was it seen in the left hemisphere (usually the one contralateral to predominant injury) in individuals with VBM loss, even though there was evidence of that hemisphere's exhibiting a difference in white matter diffusivity. Rather, in the right hemisphere, disproportionately small hippocampal volume was related to factors that reflected the severity of initial ictus and change in white matter. There was no association with perihippocampal volume, which was surprising given the specific vulnerability of the parahippocampal gyrus to intracranial hypertension above 20 mm Hg (). Hence, our conclusion is that these findings are consistent with those in adults ( i.e. The importance of severity of primary injury and subsequent white matter effects) (,). The current findings are also in keeping with the previous report in children () that indicated a trend toward smaller right hippocampal volume after TBI. The current study extends these findings. First, in children, hippocampal abnormality is not attributable to an isolated loss of growth potential, as atrophy was not seen in the “growth disturbance” ICP subgroup. Second, the data highlight the importance of impact of acute injury to hippocampal abnormality. Last, any association between hippocampal vulnerability and systemic metabolic insult or raised ICP seem to be unlikely as hippocampal findings were not bilateral and there was no associated loss of perihippocampal volume (). Taken together—head circumference and cerebral and hippocampal volume after TBI in childhood—the relationships in this report suggest, first, that during the acute ictus, there is some reduction in threshold for pathology in the hemisphere ipsilateral to injury. We can only speculate on the substrate for this alteration, but an interaction between systemic and local cerebral inflammatory mechanisms is suggested in the recent literature (). Second, during development after TBI, there may be long-term effects on potential growth and white matter microarchitecture. We note that in the current series, the difference in head size after TBI is of the order that is associated with lesser performance and cognitive function in late adulthood (,). Hence, we believe that these findings provide useful data of additional value when considering the lifelong evolution of functional and behavioral outcome after TBI in childhood. Gale CR, O'Callaghan FJ, Godfrey KM, Law CM, Martyn CN 2004 Critical periods of brain growth and cognitive function in children. Brain 127: 321–329 • • • • 2. Gale CR, Walton S, Martyn CN 2003 Foetal and postnatal head growth and risk of cognitive decline in old age. Brain 126: 2273–2278 • 3. Kraus JF, Rock A, Hemyari P 1990 Brain injuries among infants, children, adolescents, and young adults. Am J Dis Child 144: 684–691 • 4. Tate DF, Bigler ED 2000 Fornix and hippocampal atrophy in traumatic brain injury. Learn Mem 7: 442–446 • • • • • 5. Bigler ED, Anderson CV, Blatter DD 2002 Temporal lobe morphology in normal aging and traumatic brain injury. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 23: 255–266 • 6. Di Stefano G, Bachevalier J, Levin HS, Song JX, Scheibel RS, Fletcher JM 2000 Volume of focal brain lesions and hippocampal formation in relation to memory function after closed head injury in children. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69: 210–216 • • • • 7. Giedd JN, Blumenthal J, Jeffries NO, Castellanos FX, Liu H, Zijdenbos A, Paus T, Evans AC, Rapoport JL 1999 Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study. Nat Neurosci 2: 861–863 • • • • • 8. Ng T, Graham DI, Adams JH, Ford I 1989 Changes in the hippocampus and the cerebellum resulting from hypoxic insults: frequency and distribution. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 78: 438–443 • 9. Teasdale G, Jennett B 1974 Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet 2: 81–84 • • • • • 10. Tasker RC 2001 Neurocritical care and traumatic brain injury. Indian J Pediatr 68: 257–266 • 11. Child Growth Foundation 1996 Growth Charts. Child Growth Foundation, London • 12. Freeman JV, Cole TJ, Chinn S, Jones PR, White EM, Preece MA 1995 Cross sectional stature and weight reference curves for the UK, 1990. Arch Dis Child 73: 17–24 • • • • • 13. Coulthard MG 1994 Surface area is best estimated from weight alone: pocket calculators and nomograms are unnecessary. Arch Dis Child 71: 281 • 14. Stejskal EO, Tanner JE 1965 Spin diffusion measurements: spin-echoes in the presence of a time-dependent field gradient. J Chem Phys 42: 288–292 • • • • 15. Papadakis NG, Xing D, Huang CL, Hall LD, Carpenter TA 1999 A comparative study of acquisition schemes for diffusion tensor imaging using MRI. J Magn Reson 137: 67–82 • 16. Xing D, Papadakis NG, Huang CL, Lee VM, Carpenter TA, Hall LD 1997 Optimized diffusion-weighting for measurement of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in human brain. Magn Reson Imaging 15: 771–784 • 17. Jezzard P, Barnett AS, Pierpaoli C 1998 Characterization of and correction for eddy current artefacts in echo planar diffusion imaging. Magn Reson Med 39: 801–812 • • • • 18. Papadakis NG, Martin KM, Pickard JD, Hall LD, Carpenter TA, Huang CL 2000 Gradient preemphasis calibration in diffusion weighted echo-planar imaging. Magn Reson Med 44: 616–624 • 19. Van Paesschen W, Connelly A, King MD, Jackson GD, Duncan JS 1997 The spectrum of hippocampal sclerosis: a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. Ann Neurol 41: 41–51 • • • • • 20. Giedd JN, Rumsey JM, Castellanos FX, Rajapakse JC, Kaysen D, Vaituzis AC, Vauss YC, Hamburger SD, Rapoport JL 1996 A quantitative MRI study of the corpus callosum in children and adolescents. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 91: 274–280 • 21. Dalton CM, Brex PA, Jenkins R, Fox NC, Miszkiel KA, Crum WR, O'Riordan JI, Plant GT, Thompson AJ, Miller DH 2002 Progressive ventricular enlargement in patients with clinically isolated syndromes is associated with the early development of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 73: 141–147 • 22. Blatter DD, Bigler ED, Gale SD, Johnson SC, Anderson CV, Burnett BM, Parker N, Kurth S, Horn SD 1995 Quantitative volumetric analysis of brain MR: normative database spanning 5 decades of life. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 16: 241–251 • 23. Van Hoesen GW 1982 The parahippocampal gyrus. Trends Neurosci 5: 345–350 • • • 24. Ashburner J, Friston KJ 2000 Voxel-based morphometry—the methods. Neuroimage 11: 805–821 • • • • • 25. Ashburner J, Neelin P, Collins DL, Evans A, Friston K 1997 Incorporating prior knowledge into image registration. Neuroimage 6: 344–352 • • • • • 26. Salmond CH, Ashburner J, Vargha-Khadem F, Connelly A, Gadian DG, Friston KJ 2002 Distributional assumptions in voxel-based morphometry. Neuroimage 17: 1027–1030 • • • • • 27. Basser PJ, Mattiello J, LeBihan D 1994 Estimation of the effective self-diffusion tensor from the NMR spin echo. J Magn Reson B 103: 247–254 • • • • • 28. Levin HS, Benavidez DA, Verger-Maestre K, Perachio N, Song J, Mendelsohn DB, Fletcher JM 2000 Reduction of corpus callosum growth after severe traumatic brain injury in children. Neurology 54: 647–653 • • • • 29. Tomita H, Ito U, Saito J, Maehara T 1990 Cerebral atrophy after severe head injury. Adv Neurol 52: 553 • 30. Onuma T, Shimosegawa Y, Kameyama M, Arai H, Ishii K 1995 Clinicopathological investigation of gyral high density on computerized tomography following severe head injury in children. J Neurosurg 82: 995–1001 • 31. Lopez Guzman A, Salvador J, Albero R, Sastre J, Iglesias P, Diez JJ, Gomez-Pan A 1992 Selective growth hormone deficiency of hypothalamic origin following severe head injury. Acta Paediatr 81: 698–699 • 32. Sowell ER, Thompson PM, Holmes CJ, Jernigan TL. Note, the CDC recommends the use of the WHO charts for babies and infants from birth to two years of age. This app uses WHO tables and data for calculations. This calculator provides your baby's head circumference percentile based on age. The percentile shows how your infant's head circumference compares to other infants. The percentile tells you what percentage of babies weigh less than your baby. For example out of a sample of 100 babies, a percentile value of 40 percent means your baby weighs more than 40 babies and weighs less than the other 60 babies. A percentile of 50% represents the average or mean head circumference. A value below 50 percent means a baby's head circumference is less than the average. 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Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Overview [ ] The demonstrations began on the night of 21 November 2013, when protests erupted in the capital,, after the Ukrainian government suspended the with the, to seek closer economic relations with Russia. On 24 November 2013, clashes between protesters and police began. Protesters strived to break cordon. Police used tear gas and batons. Protesters also used tear gas and some fire crackers (according to the police, protesters were the first to use them). After a few days of demonstrations an increasing number of joined the protests. The Euromaidan has been characterised as an event of major political symbolism for the European Union itself, particularly as 'the largest ever pro-European rally in history.' Polish speed dating is coming to London! If you're on the lookout for speed dating events for Polish people in London, please take a look. HISTORY OF UKRAINE. Traces of human habitation in Ukraine, dating. With Demyan Mnohohrishnyi as hetman of Cossacks of that part of Ukraine. Ukrainian History. Important events. 1648-04-29 Beginning of the 18 day battle of Zhovti Vody in Ukraine - Polish King Casimir eventually defeated by Cossacks. Sep 28, 2017 Hundreds of Ukrainian women venture to Dnipro to attend an annual Ukraine dating event. At this event, they are afforded the opportunity to meet Western. Przeglqd Geologiczny, 42, 748-750 [in Polish]. Geology of the Miocene salt-bearing formations of the Ukrainian Fore-Carpathians. Przeglqd Geologiczny, 42. K/Ar dating of the Miocene potash salts of the Carpathian Foredeep (West Ukraine): application to dating of tectonic events. Nov 10, 2017. Polish-dating-ukraine: polish dating ukraine. Sometimes it seems to us, that some events or facts in our life, can affect us, but this is not the case. Archived from on 27 September 2007. Polish dating ukraine National News Polish dating ukraine of Ukraine, was founded here in 1918. Since 1 January. The events addressed here are serious not only for the Ukrainian community in Poland, but for the causes of better relations between neighboring states and respect for human and minority rights. The Republic of Poland, and even its current right-wing regime, should know better. One anonymous Polish. Pro-EU demonstration in Kiev, November 27, 2013 The protests continued despite heavy presence, regularly sub-freezing temperatures, and snow. Escalating violence from government forces in the early morning of 30 November caused the level of protests to rise, with 400,000–800,000 protesters, according to Russia's opposition politician, demonstrating in Kiev on the weekends of 1 December and 8 December. In the preceding weeks, protest attendance had fluctuated from 50,000 to 200,000 during organised rallies. Jan 24, 2016 Poland to establish 46,000-strong national guard in the face of war in eastern Ukraine Fears of Russian expansionism have led to plans for the formation of. Mar 10, 2014 Why Poland Cares So Much About Ukraine. Before the Soviet Union “liberated” western Ukraine in 1939 from Poland and. Events Guide. Violent riots took place 1 December and 19 January through 25 January in response to police brutality and government repression. Starting 23 January, several (province) Governor buildings and regional councils in a revolt by Euromaidan activists. In the cities of,, and, protesters also tried to take over their local government building, and were met with considerable force from both police and government supporters. According to journalist Lecia Bushak writing in the 18 February 2014 issue of magazine, EuroMaidan [had] grown into something far bigger than just an angry response to the fallen-through EU deal. It's now about ousting Yanukovych and his corrupt government; guiding Ukraine away from its 200-year-long, deeply intertwined and painful relationship with Russia; and standing up for basic human rights to protest, speak and think freely and to act peacefully without the threat of punishment. A turning point came in late February, when enough members of the fled or defected for the party to lose its majority in parliament, leaving the opposition large enough to form the necessary. This allowed parliament to pass a series of laws that removed police from Kiev, cancelled anti-protest operations, restored the 2004 constitution, freed political detainees, and removed President Yanukovych from office. Yanukovych then fled to Ukraine's second largest city of, refusing to recognise the parliament's decisions. The parliament assigned early elections for May 2014. Background [ ] Name history [ ] The term 'Euromaidan' was initially used as a hashtag on Twitter. A Twitter account named Euromaidan was created on the first day of the protests. It soon became popular in the international media. The name is composed of two parts: 'Euro' is short for Europe and 'maidan' refers to (Independence Square), the main square of Kiev, where the protests are centred. Maidan is a Ukrainian word for 'square, open space', ultimately from ميدان meidān which means 'square' or 'field'. During the protests the word 'Maidan' has come to mean the act of revolution and overturning of a government. The term 'Ukrainian Spring' is sometimes used, echoing the term. Initial causes [ ]. Opposition leaders, and, addressing demonstrators, 27 November 2013 On 29 November, a formal resolution by protest organisers proposed the following: • Form a co-ordinating committee to communicate with the European community. • To state that the president, parliament and the Cabinet of Ministers aren't capable of carrying out a geopolitically strategic course of development for the state and calls on Yanukovych's resignation. • Demand the cessation of political repressions against EuroMaidan activists, students, civic activists and opposition leaders. The resolution stated that on 1 December, on the, that the group will gather at noon on Independence Square to announce their further course of action. After the forced police dispersal of all protesters from Maidan Nezalezhnosti on the night of 30 November, the dismissal of became one of the protesters' main demands. A petition to the US demanding sanctions against Viktor Yanukovych and Ukrainian government ministers gathered over 100,000 signatures in four days. Ukrainian students nationwide have also demanded the dismissal of. Main article: The Euromaidan protest movement began late at night on 21 November 2013, as a peaceful protest. Riots in Kiev [ ] On 30 November 2013, the protests were dispersed violently by the riot police units, sparking riots the following day in Kiev. On 1 December 2013, protesters and through December further clashes with the authorities and political ultimatums by the opposition ensued. This culminated in a series of by the government on 16 January 2014, and further. Early February 2014 saw a bombing of the, as well as the formation of 'Self Defense' teams by protesters. 1 December 2013 riots [ ]. Main article: On 19 January, a Sunday mass protest, the ninth in a row, took place gathering up to 200,000 in central Kiev to protest against the new anti-protest laws, dubbed the Dictatorship laws. Many protesters ignored the face concealment ban by wearing party masks, hard hats and gas masks. Opposition leader Vitali Klitschko appeared covered with powder after he was sprayed with a fire extinguisher. Riot police and government supporters cornered a group of people who were trying to seize government buildings. The number of riot police on Hrushevskoho Street increased after buses and army trucks showed up. The latter resulted in the buses being burned as a barricade. The next day, a clean-up began in Kiev. On 22 January, more violence erupted in Kiev. This resulted in 8-9 people dead. 2014 Ukrainian revolution [ ]. City Peak attendees Date Ref. New Year celebration on Maidan In late December, 500 marched in Donetsk. Due to the regime's hegemony in the city, foreign commentators have suggested that, 'For 500 marchers to assemble in Donetsk is the equivalent of 50,000 in Lviv or 500,000 in Kiev.' On 5 January, marches in support of Euromaidan were held in Donetsk, Dnipropetrovsk, Odessa, and Kharkiv; the latter three drawing several hundred and Donetsk only 100. On 11 January 150 activists met in Kharkiv for a general forum on uniting the nationwide Euromaidan efforts. A church where some were meeting was stormed by over a dozen, and others attacked meetings in a book store; smashing windows and deploying tear gas to stop the Maidan meetings from taking place. Police clash with protesters On 22 January in Donetsk, two simultaneous rallies were held – one pro-Euromaidan and one pro-government. The pro-government rally attracted 600 attendees to about 100 from the Euromaidan side. Police reports claimed 5,000 attended to support the government, to only 60 from Euromaidan. In addition, approximately 150 titushky appeared and encircled the Euromaidan protesters with megaphones and began a conflict, burning wreaths and Party flags, and shouted 'down with fascists!' , but were separated by police. Meanwhile, Donetsk City Council pleaded with the government to take tougher measures against Euromaidan protesters in Kiev. Reports indicated a media blackout took place in Donetsk. In Lviv on 22 January, amid the police shootings of protesters in the capital, military barracks were surrounded by protesters. Many of the protesters included mothers whose sons are serving in the military, and pleaded with them not to deploy to Kiev. In Vinnytsia on 22 January thousands protesters blocked the main street of the city and the traffic. Also, they brought 'democracy in coffin' to the city hall, as a present to Yanukovych. 23 January Odessa city council member and Euromaidan activist Oleksandr Ostapenko's car was bombed. The Mayor of Sumy threw his support behind the Euromaidan movement on 24 January, laying blame for the civil disorder in Kiev on the Party of Regions and Communists. The Crimean parliament repeatedly stated that because of the events in Kiev it was ready to join autonomous Crimea to Russia. On 27 February armed men seized the Crimean parliament and raised the Russian flag. 27 February was latter declared a day of celebration for the Russian special forces by Vladimir Putin by presidential decree. In the beginning of March, thousands of Crimean Tatars in support of Euromaidan clashed with pro-Russian protesters in Simferopol. On 4 March 2014, a mass pro-Euromaidan rally was held in Donetsk for the first time. About 2,000 people were there. Donetsk is a major city in the far east of Ukraine and serves as Yanukovych's stronghold and the base of his supporters. On 5 March 2014, 7,000-10,000 people rallied in support of Euromaidan in the same place. After a leader declared the rally over, a fight broke out between pro-Euromaidan and 2,000 pro-Russian protesters. Occupation of administrative buildings [ ]. Main article: Pro-government rallies during Euromaidan have largely been credited as funded by the government. Several news outlets have investigated the claims to confirm that by and large, attendees at pro-government rallies do so for financial compensation and not for political reasons, and are not an organic response to the Euromaidan. 'People stand at Euromaidan protesting against the violation of human rights in the state, and they are ready to make sacrifices,' said Oleksiy Haran, a political scientist at in Kiev. 'People at Antimaidan stand for money only. The government uses these hirelings to provoke resistance. They won't be sacrificing anything.' Euromaidan groups [ ] Automaidan [ ]. Main article: Automaidan was a movement within the Euromaidan, that sought the resignation of the Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych. It was made up mainly of drivers who would protect the protest camps and blockade streets. It organised a procession on 29 December 2013 to the president's residence in to voice their protests at his refusal to sign the Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement in December 2013. The motorcade was stopped a couple of hundred metres short of his residence. Automaidan was the repeated target of violent attacks by government forces and supporters. Self-defence groups [ ]. Self-defence of the Maidan On 30 November 2013, the day after the dispersion of Euromaidan, Euromaidan organisers, aided by groups such as Svoboda, created 'Self-defence of the Maidan' – their own police force for protecting protesters from police and providing security within the city. Head of Self-defence is. The groups are divided up into, or 'hundreds', which have been described as a 'force that is providing the tip of the spear in the violent showdown with government security forces'. The sotni take their name from a traditional form of cavalry formation, and were also used in the,, etc. Along with Mr. Parubiy's force, there are some 'independent' divisions of enforcers (some of them are also referred to as sotnias and even self-defence), like the security of the Trade Unions Building until 2 January 2014, Narnia and Vikings from, Volodymr Parasyuk's sotnia from Conservatory building, etc. Parubiy officially asked such divisions to not call themselves Self-defence. Coordinates its actions with Self-defence and is formally a 23-rd sotnia, although already had hundreds of members at the time of registering as a sotnia. Second sotnia (staffed by Svoboda's members) tends to dissociate itself from 'sotnias of self-defence of Maidan'. Casualties [ ] Deaths [ ]. Main article: The first of major casualties occurred on the, 22 January 2014. Four people permanently lost their vision, and one man died by falling from a colonnade. The circumstances of his death are unclear. At least five more people were confirmed dead during the clashes on 22 January, four people perished from gunshot wounds. Medics confirmed bullet wounds to be from firearms such as a (7.62mm) and possibly a (9mm) in the deaths of Nihoyan and Zhyznevskyi. There are photos of Berkut utilising shotguns (such as the ), and reporters verified the presence of shotgun casings littering the ground. Ukrainian confirmed two deaths from gunshot wounds in Kyiv protests. 'We are pursuing several lines of inquiry into these murders, including [that they may have been committed] by Berkut (special police unit) officers,' Vitali Sakal, first deputy chief of the Ukrainian Interior Ministry's Main Investigative Directorate told a press conference in Kyiv on Friday.It was established that the weapons and cartridges that were used to commit these killings are hunting cartridges. Such is the conclusion of forensic experts. Most likely, it was a smoothbore firearm. I want to stress that the cartridges which were used to commit the murders were not used by, and are not in use of, the police. They have no such cartridges,' said first deputy chief of the Ukrainian Interior Ministry's Main Investigative Directorate. The MVS has not ruled out that Berkut officers committed the killings. Volunteers administering first aid to a wounded protester, 19 January 2014. On 31 January it was discovered that 26 unidentified, unclaimed bodies remained in the Kiev central morgue; 14 of which were from January alone. Journalists revealed that a mass burial was planned on 4 February 2014. The Kiev city administration followed on the announcement with its own statement informing that there are 14 such bodies; 5 from January. On 18 and 19 February, at least 26 people were killed in clashes with police, moreover, a self-defense soldier from Maidan was found dead. Journalist Vyacheslav Veremiy was murdered by pro-government Titushky and shot in the chest when they attacked his taxi. It was announced that an additional 40–50 people died in the fire that engulfed the Trade Union building after police attempted to seize it the night before. [ ] On 20 February, gunfire killed 60 people, according to an opposition medical service. At least 79 people were killed and 570 injured. At least 13 officers were killed and 130 hospitalised with gunshot wounds. Investigation into shooters/snipers [ ] Hrushevskoho Street riot shootings [ ] During the of 22–25 January, 3 protesters were killed by firearms. Oleh Tatarov, deputy chief of the Ukrainian Interior Ministry's Main Investigative Directorate under Yanukovych, claimed in January that '[t]he theory we are looking at is the killing was by unidentified persons. This is an official theory, and the unidentified persons could be various people, a whole host of them It could have been motivated by disruptive behavior, or with the aim of provocation.' He then claimed the cartridges and weapons used in the shootings were not police issue. Forensics experts found that protesters were killed with both buckshot and rifle bullets, while medics confirmed the bullet wounds to be from firearms such as the Dragunov sniper rifle (7.62×54mmR) and possibly cartridges. A report published on 25 January by Armament Research Services, a speciality arms and munitions consultancy in Perth, Australia, stated that the mysterious cufflink-shaped projectiles presumably fired by riot police on at protesters during clashes were not meant for riot control, but for stopping vehicles, busting through doors and piercing armour. The bullets were reported to be special armour-piercing 12-gauge shotgun projectiles, likely developed and produced by the Spetstekhnika (Specialized Equipment) design bureau, a facility located in Kiev and associated with the Ministry of Internal Affairs. On 31 January 2014, Vitali Sakal, first deputy chief of the Ukrainian Interior Ministry's Main Investigative Directorate told a press conference that '[w]e are pursuing several lines of inquiry into these murders, including [that they may have been committed] by Berkut (special police unit) officers.' On 31 January 2014 during a live broadcast on television channel 'Rossiya', the far-right Russian politician expressed threats towards the protesting events in Kiev stating the following: “ Today our client in Kiev, the honored Viktor Federovych Yanukovych, he will show you the heat when the ends. You will know what is Yanukovych. Right now he got sick just in case, but later it will be announced, 'Spare no bullets!' And we will give bullets, instead of money we will give bullets. 31 January 2014. On 10 October 2014 published a report about their examination of Ukraine's probes into the Maidan shootings. They have uncovered 'serious flaws' in the case against officers arrested by the new Ukrainian government and charged with murder of 39 unarmed protesters. For example, as Reuters' own investigation found out, the senior among arrested officers was missing right hand after an accident 6 years ago. This dismissed main evidence presented by prosecutor, a photograph of a man holding his rifle with both hands. Other 'flaws' according to Reuters included the fact that no one was charged with killing policemen and that the prosecutors and the minister in charge of the investigation all took part in the uprising. For example, the is known for hitting a traffic policeman in the face during the protests, which he denied, but a video of the incident appeared later and confirmed his involvement in the attack. See also: and A number of attacks by law enforcement agents on members of the media and have been reported. Some 40 journalists were injured during the staged assault at Bankova Street on 1 December 2013. At least 42 more journalists were victims of police attacks at Hrushevskoho Street on 22 January 2014. On 22 January 2014, Television News Service (TSN) reported that journalists started to remove their identifying uniform (vests and helmets), as they were being targeted, sometimes on purpose, sometimes accidentally. Since 21 November 2013, a total of 136 journalists have been injured. • On 21 January 2014, 26 journalists were injured, with at least two badly injured by police stun grenades; 2 others were arrested by police. • On 22 January, a correspondent of Reuters, Vasiliy Fedosenko, was intentionally shot in the head by a marksman with during clashes at Hrushevskoho Street. Later, a journalist of Dmytro Dvoychenkov was kidnapped, beaten and taken to an unknown location, but later a parliamentarian was informed that he was finally released. • On 24 January, President Yanukovych ordered the release of all journalists from custody. • On 31 January, a video from 22 January 2014 was published that showed policemen in Berkut uniforms intentionally firing at a medic who raised his hands. Impact [ ] Known impact to date includes the following: Support for Euromaidan in Ukraine [ ]. Opposition leaders, 8 December 2013 According to a 4 to 9 December 2013 study by Research & Branding Group 49% of all Ukrainians supported Euromaidan and 45% had the opposite opinion. It was mostly supported in Western (84%) and (66%). A third (33%) of residents of South Ukraine and 13% of residents of Eastern Ukraine supported Euromaidan as well. The percentage of people who do not support the protesters was 81%in, 60% in, in 27% and in Western Ukraine 11%. Polls have shown that two-thirds of Kievans support the ongoing protests. A poll conducted by the Kucheriv Democratic Initiatives Fund and Razumkov Center, between 20 and 24 December, showed that over 50% of Ukrainians supported the Euromaidan protests, while 42% opposed it. Another Research & Branding Group survey (conducted from 23 to 27 December) showed that 45% of Ukrainians supported Euromaidan, while 50% did not. 43% Of those polled thought that Euromaidan's consequences 'sooner could be negative', while 31% of the respondents thought the opposite; 17% believed that Euromaidan would bring no negative consequences. An survey of protesters conducted 7 and 8 December 2013 found that 92% of those who came to Kiev from across Ukraine came on their own initiative, 6.3% was organised by a public movement, and 1.8% were organised by a party. 70% Said they came to protest the police brutality of 30 November, and 54% to protest in support of the European Union Association Agreement signing. Among their demands, 82% wanted detained protesters freed, 80% wanted the government to resign, and 75% want president Yanukovych to resign and for snap elections. The poll showed that 49.8% of the protesters are residents of Kiev and 50.2% came from elsewhere in Ukraine. 38% Of the protesters are aged between 15 and 29, 49% are aged between 30 and 54, and 13% are 55 or older. A total of 57.2% of the protesters are men. In the eastern regions of, and, 29% of the population believe 'In certain circumstances, an authoritarian regime may be preferable to a democratic one.' According to polls, 11% of the Ukrainian population has participated in the Euromaidan demonstrations, and another 9% has supported the demonstrators with donations. Public opinion about Association Agreement [ ] According to an 4 to 9 December 2013 study by 46% of Ukrainians supported the integration of the country into EU, and 36% into the. Most support for EU integration could be found in West (81%) and in Central (56%) Ukraine; 30% of residents of South Ukraine and 18% of residents of Eastern Ukraine supported the integration with EU as well. Integration with the Customs Union was supported by 61% of East Ukraine and 54% of South Ukraine and also by 22% of Central and 7% of Western Ukraine. According to a 7 to 17 December 2013 poll by the, 49.1% of respondents would vote for Ukraine's accession to the European Union in a referendum, and 29.6% would vote against the motion. Meanwhile, 32.5% of respondents would vote for Ukraine's accession to the, and 41.9% would vote against. Political impact [ ]. US Senator addresses crowds in Kiev, 15 December. During the annual meeting at the end of January 2014 in () received no invitations to the main events; according to the 's because the Ukrainian government was blamed for the violence of the. Of US diplomat speaking to the, about the future of the country, in which she said that should not be in the future government, and expressed her preference for, who became interim Prime Minister. She also casually stated 'fuck the EU.' German chancellor said she deemed Nuland's comment 'completely unacceptable'. Commenting on the situation afterwards, State Department spokeswoman said that Nuland had apologised to her EU counterparts while spokesman alleged that because it had been 'tweeted out by the Russian government, it says something about Russia's role'. In February 2014 IBTimes reported, 'if and other far-right groups gain greater exposure through their involvement in the protests, there are fears they could gain more sympathy and support from a public grown weary of political corruption and Russian influence on Ukraine.' In the following late October Svoboda lost 31 seats of the 37 seats it had won in the. The other main far-right party won 1 seat (of the 450 seats in the ) in the same 2014 election. From 27 February 2014 till 12 November 2014 three members of Svoboda did hold positions in. On 21 February, after negotiations between the president Yanukovych and representatives of opposition with mediation of representatives of the European Union and Russia, the agreement 'About settlement of political crisis in Ukraine' was signed. The agreement provided return to the constitution of 2004, that is to a parliamentary presidential government, carrying out early elections of the president until the end of 2014 and formation of 'the government of national trust'. The Verkhovna Rada adopted the law on release of all detainees during protest actions. Divisions of 'Golden eagle' and internal troops left the center of Kiev. On 21 February, at the public announcement leaders of parliamentary opposition of conditions of the signed Agreement, representatives of 'Right Sector' declared that they don't accept the gradualness of political reforms stipulated in the document, and demanded immediate resignation of the president Yanukovych — otherwise they intended to go for storm of Presidential Administration and Verkhovna Rada. On the night of 22 February activists of Euromaidan seized the government quarter left by law enforcement authorities and made a number of new demands—in particular, immediate resignation of the president Yanukovych. Earlier that day, they stormed into Yanukovych's mansion. On 23 February 2014, following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution, the Rada passed a bill that would have altered the of minorities, including Russian. The bill would have made Ukrainian the sole state language at all levels. However, on the next week 1 March, President Turchynov vetoed the bill. Human rights impact [ ] According to Eduard Dolinsky, executive director of the Kiev-based, Ukrainian Jews overwhelmly supported the 2014 Euromaidan, however, its aftermath led to the and social acceptance of previously marginal far-right groups, together with government's policy of in regard to the WWII ethnic cleansing committed by the Ukrainian nationalist movement against the country's minorities. Economic impact [ ]. 's tent at Euromaidan: 'No elections - no tax payments!' The Prime Minister, Mykola Azarov, asked for 20 billion Euros (US$27 billion) in loans and aid from the EU The EU was willing to offer 610 million euros (838 million US) in loans, however Russia was willing to offer 15 billion US in loans. Russia also offered Ukraine cheaper gas prices. As a condition for the loans, the EU required major changes to the regulations and laws in Ukraine. Russia did not. Reported on 4 December 2013 'As a consequence of the severity of the protests, demand for foreign currency is likely to rise' and noted that this was another blow to Ukraine's already poor. First deputy Prime Minister stated on 7 December Ukraine risked a if it failed to raise $10 billion 'I asked for a loan to support us, and Europe [the EU] agreed, but a mistake was made – we failed to put it on paper.' Addresses Euromaidan on December 8, 2013 On 3 December, Azarov warned that Ukraine might not be able to fulfill its. And he blamed the for this. On 5 December, Prime Minister stated that 'money to finance the payment of pensions, wages, social payments, support of the operation of the housing and utility sector and medical institutions do not appear due to unrest in the streets' and he added that authorities were doing everything possible to ensure the timely financing of them. Stated on 2 January 2014 that these January 2014 payments would begin according to schedule. On 11 December, the postponed social payments due to 'the temporarily blocking of the government'. The same day commented (when talking about Euromaidan) 'The crisis has added to the financial hardship of a country on the brink of bankruptcy' and added that (at the time) investors thought it more likely than not that Ukraine would default over the next five years (since it then cost Ukraine over US$1 million a year to insure $10 million in state debt). Reported on 16 December that the (political) 'standoff' had led to 'greater the risk that political uncertainty will raise demand for foreign currency, causing additional reserve losses and increasing the risk of disorderly currency movement'. It also added 'Interest rates rose sharply as the National Bank sought to tighten hryvnia liquidity.' First Deputy Finance Minister stated on 17 December the Ukrainian in 2014 could amount to about 3% with a 'plus or minus' of 0.5%. On 18 December, the day after with Russia was signed, Prime Minister stated, 'Nothing is threatening stability of the financial-economic situation in Ukraine now. Not a single economic factor.' However, reported that the deal 'will not fix Ukraine's deeper economic problems' in an article titled 'Russian bailout masks Ukraine's economic mess'. On 21 January 2014, the claimed that protests in Kiev had so far caused the city more than 2 million US dollars worth of damage. It intended to claim compensation for damage caused by all demonstrators, regardless of their political affiliation. On 5 February 2014, the hryvnia fell to a five-year low against the US dollar. Kiev, 2 February 2014 On 21 February 2014, cut Ukraine's credit rating to; adding that the country risked default without 'significantly favourable changes'. Standard & Poor's analysts believed the made it 'less likely Ukraine would receive desperately needed Russian aid, thereby increasing the risk of default on its debts'. Social impact [ ] In Kiev, life continued 'as normal' outside the 'protest zone' (namely ). 'Euromaidan' was named for 2013 by and slang dictionary Myslovo, and the most popular in Russia by web analytics company Public.ru. Cultural impact [ ] According to a representative of the Kiev History Museum, its collection in the on the night of 18–19 February, after it was recaptured by the police from the protesters. Eyewitnesses report seeing the police forces plundering and destroying the museum's property. Music of Maidan [ ]. Headquarters of the Euromaidan. At the front entrance there is a portrait of, a twentieth century Ukrainian nationalist. A common chant among protesters is 'Glory to Ukraine, Glory to Heroes!' The chant has extended beyond Ukrainians and has been used by and. The red-and-black of the (UPA) is another popular symbol among protesters, and the wartime insurgents have acted as a large inspiration for Euromaidan protesters. Serhy Yekelchyk of the says the use of UPA imagery and slogans was more of a potent symbol of protest against the current government and Russia rather than adulation for the insurgents themselves, explaining 'The reason for the sudden prominence of [UPA symbolism] in Kiev is that it is the strongest possible expression of protest against the pro-Russian orientation of the current government.' The colours of the flag symbolise Ukrainian red blood spilled on Ukrainian. Reactions [ ]. • Since 1 December 2013 Kiev's Town Hall has been occupied by Euromaidan-protesters; this forced the to meet in the state administration building instead. • There was no legal basis for these bans since in Ukraine only a court can ban the activities of a political force. • Reports of some protesters attending under duress from superiors • 'Titushky' are provocators during protests. • Early November 2012 party leader stated that his party will not co-operate with other parties in the new parliament elected in the. Nevertheless, in its parliamentary faction usually voted similarly to the parliamentary faction. • The term 'Euromaidan' was initially used as a hashtag on Twitter. A Twitter account named Euromaidan was created on the first day of the protests. It soon became popular in the international media. It is composed of two parts: 'Euro' is short for Europe and 'maidan' refers to (Independence Square), the main square of Kiev, where the protests are centered. • On 7 April 2013 a decree by freed from prison and exempted him from further punishment. • On 20 December 2013 Ukrainian Prime Minister stated that the public had not been given clear explanations by the authorities of the reason of the decree suspended preparations for signing of the association agreement. • On 10 December President Yanukovych stated 'We will certainly resume the IMF negotiations. If there are conditions that suit us, we will take that path.' However, Yanukovych also (once again) stated that the conditions put forward by the IMF were unacceptable 'I had a conversation with U.S. Vice President Joseph Biden, who told me that the issue of the IMF loan has almost been solved, but I told him that if the conditions remained. We did not need such loans.' • RSA stands for Regional State Administration. • According to the people in and 'tend to be more politically passive than their western counterparts. Locals say they still feel part of Ukraine and have no desire to reunite with Russia – nor are they likely to engage in conflict with the west'. References [ ]. We are happy to present Ukraine escort agency GIA. This website is specially created for men who search perfect relaxation in the capital of UA with the help of high class women. We works with people from all the countries in the world. Men from various parts of the world come to our city to satisfy their desires with really great sex and even to find a female busty partner. You too can get a unique chance to try your luck and achieve the best moment of your life! Kiev escort models in general are famous for their beauty and intelligence, accessibility and kindness. 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Let’s face it, when most people think about schizophrenia, those thoughts don’t tend to be overly positive. That’s not just a hunch. When my charity, Rethink Mental Illness, Googled the phrase ‘schizophrenics should.’ when researching a potential campaign, we were so distressed by the results, we decided to drop the idea completely. I won’t go into details, but what we found confirmed our worst suspicions. Schizophrenia affects over 220,000 people in England and is possibly the most stigmatised and misunderstood of all mental illnesses. While mental health stigma is decreasing overall, thanks in large part to the Time to Change anti stigma campaign which we run with Mind, people with schizophrenia are still feared and demonised. This last SharePost of the month will talk about schizophrenia and relationships. The two online dating sites operate on the premise that because everyone has a. Aug 18, 2015. Being single in our society can really suck. Recent studies of technology's effects on dating and relationships reveal some promising things. That same 2012 Stanford study also found that online dating can be a huge asset to people who have 'thin dating markets,' such as LGBTQ people. Home » Blog » Relationships » Sexuality » Who’s Online Dating? Insights about how the longer we’re on the Internet as a society. The Impact of. Research papers internet impact on society of schizophrenia. Organization science dissertation proposal competition. Mla works cited format for essays in books java. The Effect of Online Relationships on Face-to-Face Relationships; Internet dating is becoming so common that is it having a. How prevalent is this in our society? Schizophrenia Symptoms in Relationships - I've struggled with so many different complications, nuances, symptoms, side-effects and annoyances. With the rest of society, it's a whole different ballgame, but in the close knit community of family you have to relearn rules, conventions, trust and ultimately honesty in learning. Services have had a significant impact on society. Over 20 million people get married in India every year. How has internet dating changed society? Internet papers Research schizophrenia society of on impact Bayaning guro essay the role of government in education essay quotes good essay introductions. Over 60 per cent of people with mental health problems say the stigma and discrimination they face is so bad, that it’s worse than the symptoms of the illness itself. Stigma ruins lives. It means people end up suffering alone, afraid to tell friends, family and colleagues about what they’re going through. This silence encourages feelings of shame and can ultimately deter people from getting help. Someone who knows first hand how damaging this stigma can be is 33 year-old Erica Camus*, who was sacked from her job as a university lecturer, after her bosses found out about her schizophrenia diagnosis, which she’d kept hidden from them. Erica was completely stunned. “It was an awful feeling. The dean said that if I’d been open about my illness at the start, I’d have still got the job. But I don’t believe him. To me, it was blatant discrimination.” She says that since then, she’s become even more cautious about being open. “I’ve discussed it with lots of people who’re in a similar position, but I still don’t know what the best way is. My strategy now is to avoid telling people unless it’s comes up, although it can be very hard to keep under wraps.” Dr Joseph Hayes, Clinical fellow in Psychiatry at UCL says negative perceptions of schizophrenia can have a direct impact on patients. “Some people definitely do internalise the shame associated with it. For someone already suffering from paranoia, to feel that people around you perceive you as strange or dangerous can compound things. “I think part of the problem is that most people who have never experienced psychosis, find it hard to imagine what it’s like. Most of us can relate to depression and anxiety, but a lot of us struggle to empathise with people affected by schizophrenia.” Another problem is that when schizophrenia is mentioned in the media or portrayed on screen, it’s almost always linked to violence. We see press headlines about ‘schizo’ murderers and fictional characters in film or on TV are often no better. Too often, characters with mental illness are the sinister baddies waiting in the shadows, they’re the ones you’re supposed to be frightened of, not empathise with. This is particularly worrying in light of research by Time to Change, which found that people develop their understanding of mental illness from films, more than any other type of media. These skewed representations of mental illness have created a false association between schizophrenia and violence in the public imagination. In reality, violence is not a symptom of the illness and those affected are much more likely to be the victim of a crime than the perpetrator. We never hear from the silent majority, who are quietly getting on with their lives and pose no threat to anyone. We also never hear about people who are able to manage their symptoms and live normal and happy lives. That’s why working on the Finding Mike campaign, in which mental health campaigner Jonny Benjamin set up a nationwide search to find the stranger who talked him out of taking his own life on Waterloo bridge, was such an incredible experience. Jonny, who has schizophrenia, wanted to thank the man who had saved him and tell him how much his life had changed for the better since that day. The search captured the public imagination in a way we never could have predicted. Soon and Jonny was making headlines. For me, the best thing about it was seeing a media story about someone with schizophrenia that wasn’t linked to violence and contained a message of hope and recovery. Jonny is living proof that things can get better, no matter how bleak they may seem. This is all too rare. As the campaign grew bigger by the day, I accompanied Jonny on an endless trail of media interviews. What I found most fascinating about this process was how so many of the journalists and presenters we met, were visibly shocked that this young, handsome, articulate and all-round lovely man in front of them, could possibly have schizophrenia. Several told Jonny that he ‘didn’t look like a schizophrenic’. One admitted that his mental image of someone with schizophrenia was ‘a man running about with an axe’. It was especially worrying to hear this from journalists, the very people who help shape public understanding of mental illness. Many of the journalists also suggested that through the campaign, Jonny has become a kind of ‘poster boy’ for schizophrenia and in a way, I think he has. Jonny has mixed feelings about the label. “I hope that by going public with my story, I’ve got the message out there that it is possible to live with schizophrenia and manage it. It’s not easy, it’s an ongoing battle, but it is possible. But I’m aware that I’m one of the lucky ones. I’ve been given access to the tools I need like CBT, but that’s not most people’s experience. Because of our underfunded mental health system, most people don’t get that kind of support. I can’t possibly represent everyone affected, but I hope I’ve challenged some stereotypes.” As Jonny rightly says, one person cannot possibly represent such a diverse group of people. Schizophrenia is a very broad diagnosis and each individual experience of the illness is unique. Some people will have one or two episodes and go on make a full recovery, while others will live with the illness for the rest of their lives. Some people are able to work and be independent and others will need a lot of support. Some people reject the diagnosis altogether. What we really need is a much more varied and nuanced depiction of mental illness in the media that reflects the true diversity of people’s experiences. What I hope Jonny has managed to do is start a new conversation about schizophrenia. I hope he has made people think twice about their preconceptions of ‘schizophrenics’. And most importantly, I hope he has helped pave the way for many more ‘poster boys’ and girls to have their voices heard too. For more information, visit *Name has been changed. 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February 2018
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